UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460      

	OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

	

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 MEMORANDUM

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 

DATE:	March 12, 2013, updated 12/27/13

SUBJECT:	ChemSAC Review of the Analysis of the USDA IR-4 Crop Grouping
Proposal to Establish a New Crop Group 24 Tropical and Subtropical Fruit
– Inedible Peel, and Amend the Commodity Definitions [40 CFR 180.1
(g)] Related to the Proposed Crop Group.  

FROM:	Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist

Chemistry and Exposure Branch  

Health Effects Division (7509P)  

TO:	Stephen Funk, Chairperson HED Chemistry Science Advisory Council
(ChemSAC) and Members

	Jennifer Selwyn, and Monica Le, and Susan Wong, Health Canada, PMRA

Alma Liliana Tovar Díaz, Deputy Director of Certification and
Recognition Senasica-Sagarpa, Mexico

	Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer, RD (7505P)

cc: 	IR-4 Project, Bill Barney, Jerry Baron, Dan Kunkel, Debbie
Carpenter, Van Starner 

ACTION REQUESTED:

	William P. Barney, Crop Grouping Project Coordinator, and Kathryn Homa,
Assistant Coordinator, USDA Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR-4),
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University have submitted
a petition (November 15, 2010) on behalf of the IR-4 Project, and the
Tropical Fruits Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting
Committee (ICGCC) to establish a new Crop Group (40 CFR § 180.41) Crop
Group 24, Tropical and Subtropical Fruit – Inedible Peel Group, and
propose addition of Commodity Definitions 40 CFR 180.1 (g).  

	The above-mentioned Tropical and Subtropical fruit crop group petition
requested the following five proposals:

1.  Establish a new crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as “Tropical and
Subtropical Fruit, Inedible Peel”. 

2. Add the following 104 commodities in this new crop group:

 Abiu, Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk,  (Sapotaceae)

 Aisen, Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam.,  (Capparaceae (also placed in
Brassicaceae))

 Akee apple, Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig,  (Sapindaceae)

 Atemoya, Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa L.,  (Annonaceae)

 Avocado, Persea americana Mill.,  (Lauraceae)

 Avocado, Guatemalan, Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis, 
(Lauraceae)

 Avocado, Mexican, Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. &
Cham.) S. F. Blake,  (Lauraceae)

 Avocado, West Indian, Persea americana var. americana,  (Lauraceae)

 Bacury,  Platonia insignis Mart., (Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae))

Bael fruit, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa,  (Rutaceae)

Banana, Musa spp. and hybrids,  (Musaceae)

Banana, dwarf, Musa hybrids; Musa acuminata Colla,  (Musaceae)

Binjai, Mangifera caesia Jack,  (Anacardiaceae)

Biriba, Annona mucosa Jacq.,  (Annonaceae)

Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg,  (Moraceae)

Burmese grape, Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.,  (Phyllanthaceae (also placed
in Euphorbiaceae))

Canistel, Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni,  (Sapotaceae)

Cat's-eyes, Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. malesianus Leenh., 
(Sapindaceae)

Champedak, Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.,  (Moraceae)

Cherimoya, Annona cherimola Mill.,  (Annonaceae)

Cupuacú, Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum., 
(Malvaceae (also placed in Sterculiaceae))

Custard apple, Annona reticulata L.,  (Annonaceae)

Dragon fruit, Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose,  (Cactaceae)

Durian, Durio zibethinus L.,  (Malvaceae (also placed in Bombacaceae,
Durionaceae))

Elephant-apple, Limonia acidissima L.,  (Rutaceae)

Etambe, Mangifera zeylanica (Blume) Hook. F.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Granadilla, Passiflora ligularis Juss.,  (Passifloraceae)

Granadilla, Giant, Passiflora quadrangularis L.,  (Passifloraceae)

Ilama, Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm.,  (Annonaceae)

Ingá, Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T. D. Penn.,  (Fabaceae
(alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Mimosaceae))

Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.,  (Moraceae)

Jatobá, Hymenaea courbaril L.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also
placed in Caesalpiniaceae))

Karuka, Pandanus julianettii Martelli,  (Pandanaceae)

Kei apple, Dovyalis caffra (Hook. F. & Harv.) Warb.,  (Salicaceae (also
placed in Flacourtiaceae))

Langsat, Lansium domesticum Corrêa,  (Meliaceae)

Lanjut, Mangifera lagenifera Griff.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour.,  (Sapindaceae)

Lucuma, Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze,  (Sapotaceae)

Lychee, Litchi chinensis Sonn.,  (Sapindaceae)

Mabolo, Diospyros blancoi A. DC.,  (Ebenaceae)

Madras-thorn, Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.,  (Fabaceae (alt.
Leguminosae); (also placed in Mimosaceae))

Mammy-apple, Mammea americana L.  Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae))

Manduro, Balanites maughamii Sprague,  (Zygophyllaceae (also placed in
Balanitaceae))

Mango, Mangifera indica L.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Mango, horse, Mangifera foetida Lour.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Mango, Saipan, Mangifera odorata Griff.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L.,  (Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae))

Marang, Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco,  (Moraceae)

Marmaladebox, Genipa americana L.,  (Rubiaceae)

Matisia, Matisia cordata Humb. & Bonpl.,  (Malvaceae (also placed in
Bombacaceae))

Mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae);
(also placed in Mimosaceae))

Mongongo, Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) Radcl.-Sm,  (Euphorbiaceae)

Monkey-bread-tree, Adansonia digitata L.,  (Malvaceae (also placed in
Bombacaceae))

Monstera, Monstera deliciosa Liebm.,  (Araceae)

Nicobar-breadfruit, Pandanus leram Jones ex Fontana,  (Pandanaceae)

Paho, Mangifera altissima Blanco,  (Anacardiaceae)

Pandanus, Pandanus utilis Bory,  (Pandanaceae)

Papaya, Carica papaya L.,  (Caricaceae)

Passionflower, Winged-stem, Passiflora alata Curtis,  (Passifloraceae)

Passionfruit, Passiflora edulis Sims,  (Passifloraceae)

Passionfruit, Banana, Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth)
Holm-Niels. & P. Jorg.,  (Passifloraceae)

Passionfruit, Purple, Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis, 
(Passifloraceae)

Passionfruit, Yellow, Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg., 
(Passifloraceae)

Pawpaw, Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal,  (Annonaceae)

Pawpaw, Small-flower, Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal,  (Annonaceae)

Pelipisan, Mangifera casturi Kosterm.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Pequi, Caryocar brasiliense Cambess,  (Caryocaraceae)

Pequia, Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.,  (Caryocaraceae)

Persimmon, American, Diospyros virginiana L.,  (Ebenaceae)

Pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.,  (Bromeliaceae)

Pitahaya, Hylocereus polyrhizus (F. A. C. Weber) Britton & Rose, 
(Cactaceae)

Pitaya, Hylocereus spp. Including H. megalanthus, H. ocamponis and H.
polychizus,  (Cactaceae)

Pitaya Amarilla, Hylocereus triangularis (L.) Britton & Rose, 
(Cactaceae)

Pitaya Roja, Hylocereus ocamponis (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose, 
(Cactaceae)

Pitaya, Yellow, Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer,
 (Cactaceae)

Plantain, Musa paradisiaca L.  (Musaceae)

Pomegranate, Punica granatum L.  (Lythraceae (also placed in
Punicaceae))

Poshte, Annona liebmanniana Baill.  (Annonaceae)

Prickly pear, fruit,  Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.  (Cactaceae)

Prickly pear, Texas, fruit, Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelm.
var. lindheimeri (Engelm.) B. D. Parfitt & Pinkava,  (Cactaceae)

Pulasan, Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh.,  (Sapindaceae)

Quandong, Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) DC.,  (Santalaceae)

Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L.,  (Sapindaceae)

Saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose,  (Cactaceae)

Sapodilla, Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen,  (Sapotaceae)

Sapote, black, Diospyros digyna Jacq.,  (Ebenaceae)

Sapote, green, Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist,  (Sapotaceae)

Sapote, mamey, Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn, 
(Sapotaceae)

Sapote, white, Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex,  (Rutaceae)

Sataw, Parkia speciosa Hassk.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); also
placed in Mimosaceae)

Satinleaf, Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.,  (Sapotaceae)

Screw-pine, Pandanus tectorius Parkinson,  (Pandanaceae)

Sierra Leone-tamarind, Dialium guineense Willd.,  (Fabaceae (alt.
Leguminosae); (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae))

 Soncoya, Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal,  (Annonaceae)

 Soursop, Annona muricata L.,  (Annonaceae)

Spanish lime, Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.,  (Sapindaceae)

Star apple, Chrysophyllum cainito L.,  (Sapotaceae)

Sugar apple, Annona squamosa L.,  (Annonaceae)

Sun Sapote, Licania platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch,  (Chrysobalanaceae)

Tamarind-of-the-Indies, Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel., 
(Rubiaceae)

Velvet Tamarind, Dialium indum L.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); (also
placed in Caesalpiniaceae))

Wampi, Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels,  (Rutaceae)

White star apple, Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don,  (Sapotaceae)

Wild loquat, Uapaca kirkiana Müll. Arg.,  (Phyllanthaceae; (also placed
in Euphorbiaceae, Uapacaceae)) 

And cultivars, varieties and/or hybrids of these.” 

3. Recommend the following eight commodities:  Atemoya, avocado, dragon
fruit, lychee, passionfruit, pineapple, pomegranate, and prickly pear to
be representative commodities for the new crop group.

4. Propose the following five tropical and subtropical inedible peel
crop subgroups.

Subgroup 24A.	Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruit, Inedible Peel
Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crop:  Lychee

Subgroup 24B.	Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit, Smooth,
Inedible Peel Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crops:  Avocado and Pomegranate

Subgroup 24C.	Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit, Rough or
Hairy, Inedible Peel Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crop:  Atemoya and Pineapple

Subgroup 24D.	Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Cactus Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crop:  Dragon fruit and Prickly pear, fruit

Subgroup 24E.	Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Vine Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crop:  Passionfruit

5. Add Commodity Definitions [40 CFR 180.1 (g)] for Avocado, banana, and
passionfruit.

A	B

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)	Avocado (Persea americana Mill.);
Avocado, Guatemalan (Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis);
Avocado, Mexican (Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. &
Cham.) S. F. Blake); Avocado, West Indian (Persea americana var.
americana)

Banana (Musa spp.)	Banana (Musa spp.); Banana, Dwarf (Musa hybrids; Musa
acuminata Colla); Plantain (Musa x paradisiaca L. )

Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims)	Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis
Sims); Passionfruit, Purple (Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis);
Passionfruit, Yellow (Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg.)



BACKGROUND: 

The Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel proposal was initiated
at the USDA/IR-4 Crop Grouping Symposium in Washington, DC, October
2002.  This workgroup was Chaired by Michael Braverman (IR-4) and
Co-Chaired by Jonathan Crane (University of Florida), Edith Lurvey
(IR-4), Nancy Dodd (EPA), Will Donovan (EPA), and Maria Rodriguez (EPA).


	This new crop group was further discussed and developed within the
Tropical Fruit, Inedible Peel Workgroup of the International Crop
Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC), which consisted of 62 U.S. crop
or regulatory experts from agriculture commodity groups, universities,
agrichemical industry, IR-4 Project, USDA, and EPA, and also 33
international crop or regulatory experts representing over 30 countries.
 

An important aspect of developing this new crop group is the
harmonization with the Codex Crop Classification of Foods and Animal
Feeds.  The Codex classification system is currently under revision with
many proposed tropical fruit additions.  The USDA IR-4/EPA Crop Grouping
Working Group and the ICGCC are making every effort to collaborate with
the revision of the Codex crop classification.  In the current Codex
Crop Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds, assorted tropical and
sub-tropical fruits – inedible peel are included in Group 006 which is
classified in Type 01 Fruits.  The IR-4/ICGCC submission was forwarded
to the Codex Electronic Working Group for the revision of the Codex
Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds.  This submission includes many
of the recently proposed additions of tropical fruits, inedible peel to
the Codex classification. 

Four proposed tropical fruits with an inedible peel from the palm family
((Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) were rejected from consideration to the
inedible peel crop group either because none of the commodities met the
criteria for a representative commodity and/or there was no production
in the US.  These rejected tropical fruits include: (1) Guriri
(Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze); (2) Muriti (Mauritia flexuosa
L.f.); (3) Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L.); and (4) Salak
(Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss).  Other proposed tropical fruits with
an inedible peel (ceibillo, Florida gooseberry, marolo, pindaiba, tucum
palm and umari) were also rejected from consideration from the crop
group because there was not enough information available to properly
classify them into crop groups and subgroups or they are rarely
cultivated. 

Many publications have documented the relationship between surface area
and mass of a commodity (D.J. Maclachlan and D. Hamilton, 2010; B.D.
Ripley, G.M. Ritcey, R. Harris, M.A. Denomme, L. Lissemore, 2003; F.
Matsumura, G.M. Boush, T. Misato, eds., 1972; and B. Schneider, 2002). 
In general, the smaller the fruit, the larger the ratio of surface area
to weight becomes.  For example, pesticide deposits on grapes can be
expected to be about 3X the pesticide deposit on apples due to the
higher surface area per unit weight (Bates, 1990).  Nonbell peppers are
also often cited as an example.  Because of their size, they normally
have a higher residue than bell peppers with the same good agricultural
practices (GAP) and are likely to drive a tolerance or MRL for peppers. 
There is also indication that surface area/mass ratio plays a more
important role on pesticide deposits than pubescence/serration present
on surfaces (Sundaram, 1991).  

To classify Tropical and Subtropical fruits into groups (edible versus
inedible peel) and subgroups, Excel spreadsheets were developed by IR-4
to be able to sort commodities with common characteristics.  These
spreadsheets include information regarding the common name, scientific
name, taxonomic family name, production in the US, fruit shape, maximum
radius (cm) and maximum height (cm) from the literature, calculated
volume, calculated surface area, surface area to mass (volume) ratio,
texture description and peel texture.  These spreadsheets allowed the
sorting of commodities into small versus medium to large fruit and
smooth peel versus a rough or hairy peel.  Fruits described in the
literature as small fruit generally had a surface area/mass (volume)
ratio of >1.5:1; so this criteria was used to separate small versus
medium to large fruit (surface area/mass (volume) ratio of ≤1.5:1). 

Sorting the spreadsheets into size (small versus medium to large fruit)
based on the surface area to mass (volume) ratio as well as peel texture
(rough or hairy, or smooth) with the addition of inedible peel vine
crops resulted in the proposed crop grouping scheme. 

Based on the background and the input from the International Crop
Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC), USDA IR-4 propose that the
tropical and subtropical Fruits, Inedible Peel crop group be established
as a new crop group, and five subgroups are proposed: (1) Subgroup 24A -
Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruit, Inedible Peel Subgroup; (2)
Subgroup 24B - Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Smooth,
Inedible Peel Subgroup; (3) Subgroup 24C - Tropical and Subtropical,
Medium to Large Fruit, Rough or Hairy, Inedible Peel Subgroup; (4)
Subgroup 24D - Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Cactus Subgroup
and (5) Subgroup 24E - Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Vine
Subgroup.  

Selection of representative commodities are based on a representative
commodity that is most likely to (1) contain the highest residues; (2)
be major in terms of production and/or consumption and (3) similar in
morphology, growth habit, pest problems and edible portion to the
related commodities within a group or subgroup.  Based on these
criteria, one representative commodity is proposed (lychee) for Subgroup
24A; two representative commodities (avocado and pomegranate) are
proposed for Subgroup 24B; two representative commodities (atemoya and
pineapple) are proposed for Subgroup 24C; two representative commodities
(dragon fruit and prickly pear) are proposed for Subgroup 24D and one
representative commodity (passionfruit) is proposed for Subgroup 24E. 

HED RECOMMENDATIONS: 

	Each of the proposals and recommendations will be discussed below,
followed by a series of other recommendations on terminology, database
development, and harmonization with Codex.  The EPA would like to
commend the valuable and high quality input of the ICGCC, all its
members, and the Committee Chairperson Bill Barney, USDA IR-4, and
Kathryn Homa, Assistant Coordinator, USDA IR-4 for her research and high
quality and comprehensive monographs that were used to develop the IR-4
proposal.  We also want to commend Dr. Yuen-Shaung Ng, Biologist, HED,
Andrew Ertman, Sidney Jackson, and Laura Nollen, Biologists, RD, EPA for
their input and development of various databases in this report and Dr.
Paul Schwartz, USDA, Office of Minor Use Pesticides for his advice, peer
review, and research office location.

IR-4 Proposals 1 and 2:

1.  Establish a new crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as “Tropical and
Subtropical Fruit, Inedible Peel”. 

and 

2. “Add the following 104 commodities to this new crop group:

	See the list of 104 proposed commodities for this crop group under the
Action Requested Section Proposal 2.”

HED Recommendations for IR-4 Proposal 1 and 2: 

	We agree with the IR-4 scientific approach and logic used in developing
this crop group and the five crop subgroups.  Specifically the
development of the proposed Tropical and Subtropical fruits, inedible
peel, with the crop group consists of a diverse group of plants from
twenty-eight plant families.  Within this group, fruit size ranges from
an approximate diameter of 1 centimeter (0.39 inches) for the fruit of
satinleaf, Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.) to 50 centimeters (19.7 inches)
for the fruit of jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.).  In addition
to size, the peel texture of tropical and subtropical fruit varies from
a smooth peel such as banana (Musa spp.); mango (Mangifera indica L.),
papaya (Carica papaya L.), and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) to a
knobby peel texture on atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa
L.), bumpy peel texture in breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)
Fosberg) or spiny peel texture in rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.). 

	I also agree that subgroups based on fruit size (small versus medium to
large fruit) based on the surface area to mass (volume) ratio as well as
peel texture (rough or hairy, or smooth) with the addition of inedible
peel vine crops resulted in the proposed crop grouping scheme. 

We also agree with IR-4 on rejecting four proposed tropical fruits with
an inedible peel from the palm family ((Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)),
because none of the commodities met the criteria for a representative
commodity in a crop subgroup or there was no production in the US. 
These rejected tropical fruits include: (1) Guriri (Allagoptera arenaria
(Gomes) Kuntze); (2) Muriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.); (3) Palmyra palm
(Borassus flabellifer L.); and (4) Salak (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.)
Voss).  Other proposed tropical fruits with an inedible peel (ceibillo,
Florida gooseberry, marolo, pindaiba, tucum palm and umari) were also
rejected from consideration from the crop group because there was not
enough information available to properly classify them into crop groups
and subgroups or they are rarely cultivated.  Most however, are
discussed in the analysis of this petition.  

	Therefore, based on similarities in fruit size and having an inedible
peel, and cultural practices, geographical distribution, lack of animal
feed items, comparison of available established tolerances, and
similarities of pest problems, and for international harmonization
purposes, I recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish a new Tropical
and Subtropical inedible peel crop group with 104 commodities and five
crop subgroups. 

	Adding these commodities into a group will benefit growers by enabling
tools for crop protection.  Some “minor orphan” tropical fruit
commodities such as dragon fruit and pomegranate have become more
popular in some countries and areas today than they were ten years ago. 
Increased globalization of cooking in the United States has resulted in
different fruits to be enjoyed worldwide.  Some of these “minor”
fruits have great potential to be grown on a larger scale in some areas
in the future due to their unique nutritional and medicinal values. 
Being excluded from the crop groups, means that tolerances requested for
these commodities would have to be established based on separate residue
studies.  The inclusion of tropical fruits with inedible peels will
ultimately benefit US growers in exporting commodities that would have
Codex MRL’s established based on a harmonized tropical and subtropical
fruits, inedible peel crop group.  A new tropical and subtropical fruit
inedible peel crop group would also benefit growers and consumers, save
considerable taxpayer’s money on residue studies, save precious
resource time for government agencies on review of residue data and also
facilitate the establishment of import tolerances.  Also, this crop
group regulation will facilitate the establishment of pesticide
tolerances on numerous pesticides that are needed to control a wide
diversity of tropical and subtropical fruit pests, as well as developing
integrated pest control (IPM) programs to incorporate reduced risk
pesticides, organic pesticides, and cultural practices to reduce the
development of pesticide resistance.

	The list of acceptable Tropical and Subtropical fruits – inedible
fruit commodities and their scientific names for the 104 commodities
were also updated and are listed in the Table below.  

 “HED Corrected Proposed Tropical and Subtropical Fruit – Inedible
Peel 24-13”. 

Commodities

Abiu,  Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk 

Aisen,  Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam.  

Akee apple,  Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig

Atemoya,  Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa L.  

Avocado,  Persea americana Mill.

Avocado, Guatemalan,  Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis

Avocado, Mexican,  Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. &
Cham.) S. F. Blak

Avocado, West Indian,  Persea americana var. americana

Bacury,  Platonia insignis Mart.

Bael fruit,  Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa

Banana,  Musa spp. and hybrids

Banana, dwarf,  Musa hybrids; Musa acuminata Colla

Binjai,  Mangifera caesia Jack

Biriba,  Annona mucosa Jacq.

Breadfruit,  Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg

Burmese grape,  Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.

Canistel,  Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni

Cat's-eyes,  Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. malesianus Leenh.

Champedak,  Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. 

Cherimoya,  Annona cherimola Mill.

Cupuacú,  Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum.

Custard apple,  Annona reticulata L.

Dragon fruit,  Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose

Durian,  Durio zibethinus L.

Elephant-apple,  Limonia acidissima L.

Etambe,  Mangifera zeylanica (Blume) Hook. F.

Granadilla,  Passiflora ligularis Juss.

Granadilla, Giant,  Passiflora quadrangularis L.

Ilama,  Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm.

Ingá ,  Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T. D. Penn.

Jackfruit,  Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Jatobá,  Hymenaea courbaril L.

Karuka,  Pandanus julianettii Martelli

Kei apple,  Dovyalis caffra (Hook. F. & Harv.) Warb.

Langsat,  Lansium domesticum Corrêa

Lanjut,  Mangifera lagenifera Griff.

Longan,  Dimocarpus longan Lour.

Lucuma,  Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze

Lychee,  Litchi chinensis Sonn.

Mabolo,  Diospyros blancoi A. DC.

Madras-thorn,  Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.

Mammy-apple,  Mammea americana L. 

Manduro,  Balanites maughamii Sprague

Mango,  Mangifera indica L.

Mango, horse,  Mangifera foetida Lour.

Mango, Saipan,  Mangifera odorata Griff.

Mangosteen,  Garcinia mangostana L.

Marang,  Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco

Marmaladebox,  Genipa americana L.

Matisia,  Matisia cordata Humb. & Bonpl.

Mesquite,  Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.

Mongongo, fruit,  Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) Radcl.-Sm

Monkey-bread-tree,  Adansonia digitata L.

Monstera,  Monstera deliciosa Liebm.

Nicobar-breadfruit,  Pandanus leram Jones ex Fontana

Paho,  Mangifera altissima Blanco

Pandanus,  Pandanus utilis Bory

Papaya,  Carica papaya L.

Passionflower, Winged-stem,  Passiflora alata Curtis

Passionfruit,  Passiflora edulis Sims

Passionfruit, Banana,  Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth)
Holm-Niels. & P. Jorg.

Passionfruit, Purple,  Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis

Passionfruit, Yellow,  Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg.

Pawpaw, Common,  Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal

Pawpaw, Small-flower,  Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal

Pelipisan,  Mangifera casturi Kosterm.

Pequi,  Caryocar brasiliense Cambess

Pequia,  Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.

Persimmon, American,  Diospyros virginiana L.

Pineapple,  Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Pitahaya,  Hylocereus polyrhizus(F. A. C. Weber) Britton & Rose

Pitaya,  Hylocereus sp. Including H. megalanthus, H. ocamponis and H.
polychizus

Pitaya Amarilla,  Hylocereus triangularis Britton & Rose

Pitaya Roja,  Hylocereus ocamponis (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose

Pitaya, Yellow,  Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer

Plantain,  Musa  paradisiaca L.

Pomegranate,  Punica granatum L.

Poshte,  Annona liebmanniana Baill.

Prickly pear, fruit  Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Opuntia spp.

Prickly pear, Texas,fruit  Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelm. var.
lindheimeri (Engelm.) B. D. Parfitt & Pinkava

Pulasan,  Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh.

Quandong,  Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) DC.

Rambutan,  Nephelium lappaceum L.

Saguaro,  Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose

Sapodilla,  Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen

Sapote, black,  Diospyros digyna Jacq.

Sapote, green,  Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist

Sapote, mamey,  Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn

Sapote, white,  Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex

Sataw,  Parkia speciosa Hassk.

Satinleaf,  Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.

Screw-pine,  Pandanus tectorius Parkinson

Sierra Leone-tamarind,  Dialium guineense Willd.

Soncoya,  Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal

Soursop,  Annona muricata L.

Spanish lime,  Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

Star apple,  Chrysophyllum cainito L.

Sugar apple,  Annona squamosa L.

Sun Sapote,  Licania platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch

Tamarind-of-the-Indies,  Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel.

Velvet Tamarind,  Dialium indum L.

Wampi,  Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels

White star apple,  Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don

Wild loquat,  Uapaca kirkiana Müll. Arg.

Cultivars, varieties, and hybrids of these commodities.



	Additional notes: 

HED also recommends changing the preferred commodity name for Pawpaw to
Pawpaw, common (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) or common pawpaw to
distinguish it from the commodity papaya (Carica papaya L.), which New
Zealand calls papaw in commercial trade. 

The commodity Mongongo will be changed to Mongongo, fruit to distinguish
from the Mongongo, nut that is a member in the Tree nut crop group
14-12.

HED also recommends that in the crop group table the term “varieties
and/or hybrids of these” should be changed to, “Cultivars,
varieties, and hybrids of these commodities” to avoid all confusion
with terminology regarding whether they are cultivars, varieties, or
hybrids of the tropical fruit inedible peel commodities.  

IR-4 Proposal 3:

3. “Recommend the following eight commodities:  Atemoya, avocado,
dragon fruit, lychee, passionfruit, pineapple, pomegranate and prickly
pear to be representative commodities for the new crop group.”

HED Recommendations for IR-4 Proposal 3:

	I recommend ChemSAC concur to add atemoya, avocado, dragon fruit,
lychee, passionfruit, pineapple, and prickly pear as representative
commodities for the new Tropical and subtropical fruit –inedible peel
Crop Group 24.  Also sugar apple should be added as an alternative
commodity to atemoya since there are several tolerances already
established for sugar apple.  I also recommend banana to be an
alternative representative commodity to pomegranate based on its high
consumption, production, large number of established tolerances. 
Pomegranate is increasing in popularity and acres in the U.S. and makes
a good alternate representative commodity to banana based on more
acreage in the U.S. and wider geographical representation.  These
representative commodities will account for > 99% of the harvested U.S.
acres for the members of the new crop group.  The representative
commodities are based on similarities in fruit surface area, edible
portions, and cultural practices and geographical locations, pest
problems, as well as their high production (both acres and yield) and
consumption.  We expect that all proposed members of the proposed crop
group will have similar residue levels based on similarities of the raw
agricultural commodities (RAC’s), cultural practices, and pest
problems, and a comparison of established tolerances on these
commodities supports that residue levels will cover the wide number of
commodities.  

IR-4 Proposal 4: “Propose establishing five tropical and subtropical
inedible peel crop subgroups with their representative commodities and
list of commodities in each crop subgroup are shown below:”

Subgroup 24A;  Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruit, Inedible Peel
Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crop:  Lychee

	There are eighteen commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Aisen;  Bael fruit;  Burmese grape; Cat’s eyes;  Ingá;  Lychee; 
Madras-thorn;  Manduro;  Matisia;  Mesquite;  Mongongo, fruit;  Pawpaw,
small-flower;  Satinleaf;  Sierra Leone-tamarind;  Spanish lime;  Velvet
tamarind;  Wampi;  White star apple

	2)  Subgroup 24B; Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit,
Smooth, Inedible Peel Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crops:  Avocado and Pomegranate or Banana

	There are forty-two commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Abiu;  Akee apple;  Avocado;  Avocado, Guatemalan;  Avocado, Mexican; 
Avocado, West Indian;  Bacury;  Banana;  Banana, dwarf;  Binjai; 
Canistel;  Cupuacú;  Etambe;  Jatobá;  Kei apple;  Langstat;  Lanjut; 
Lucuma;  Mabolo;  Mango;  Mango, horse;  Mango, Saipan;  Mangosteen; 
Paho;  Papaya;  Pawpaw, common;  Pelipisan;  Pequi;  Pequia;  Persimmon,
American;  Plantain;  Pomegranate;  Poshte;  Quandong;  Sapote, black; 
Sapote, green;  Sapote, white;  Sataw;  Screw-pine;  Star apple; 
Tamarind-of-the-Indies;  Wild loquat

	3)  Subgroup 24C; Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit,
Rough or Hairy, Inedible Peel Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crop:  Atemoya and Pineapple

	There are twenty-seven commodities proposed for this subgroup and
include:

Atemoya;  Biriba;  Breadfruit;  Champedak;  Cherimoya;  Custard apple; 
Durian; Elephant-apple;  Ilama;  Jackfruit;  Karuka;  Longan; 
Mammy-apple;  Marmalade-box;  Marang;  Monkey-bread tree; 
Nicobar-breadfruit;  Pandanus;  Pineapple;  Pulasan;  Rambutan; 
Sapodilla;  Sapote, mamey;  Soncoya;  Soursop;  Sugar apple;  Sun sapote

Subgroup 24D; Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Cactus Subgroup 

	Proposed Representative Crop:  Dragon fruit and Prickly pear, fruit

	There are nine commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

Dragon fruit;  Pitahaya;  Pitaya;  Pitaya Amarilla;  Pitaya Roja; 
Pitaya, yellow;  Prickly pear; fruit Texas Prickly pear;  Saguaro

Subgroup 24E; Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Vine Subgroup

	Propose, fruit d Representative Crop:  Passionfruit

	There are eight commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Granadilla;  Granadilla, Giant;  Monstera;  Passionflower, Winged-stem;
 Passionfruit; Passionfruit, banana;  Passionfruit, purple; 
Passionfruit, yellow

	HED Recommendations for Proposal 4:

	I recommend ChemSAC concur to approve the five proposed crop subgroups
because of similarities between cultural practices, potential residue
exposure due to fruit size area, and lack of animal feed items.  The
majority of tolerances established on avocado, lychee, papaya, and sugar
apple are based on the proposed approved commodity definitions by
ChemSAC in 1998 and the established banana and sugar apple commodity
definitions in the Federal Register.  Existing tolerances also support
the proposed subgroups and representative commodities (Table 35) by
covering a wide range of residues such as lychee (Rep 24A) tolerances
are generally higher than avocado (Rep for 24B) and atemoya (Rep for
24C), and passionfruit (Rep for 24E).  Cactus the representative
commodity for subgroup 24D has higher tolerances than lychee (Rep for
24A) where direct comparisons are available.  Detailed comparisons of
established tropical fruit tolerances for these proposed representative
are discussed in the “comparison of potential residue levels in the
tropical and subtropical fruit-inedible peel” as well as comparisons
of existing US and Codex tolerances (MRL’s) established on Tropical
and Subtropical Fruits with an inedible peel (see Tables 35 – 44 in
separate analysis).  As stated previously, I recommend banana to be an
alternative representative commodity to pomegranate based on its high
consumption, production, large number of established tolerances. 
Pomegranate is increasing in popularity and acres in the U.S. and makes
a good alternate representative commodity to banana based on more
acreage in the U.S. and wider geographical representation.  These
representative commodities will account for > 99% of the harvested U.S.
acres for the members of the new crop group.  I also recommend that
Subgroup 24C; Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit, Rough or
Hairy, Inedible Peel Subgroup with the proposed representative crops
being atemoya and pineapple should also have sugar apple added as an
alternative crop to atemoya based on several tolerances being
established on sugar apple.  The representative commodities for crop
subgroup 24C would be “atemoya or sugar apple and pineapple”.

IR-4 Proposal 5:  “Add Commodity Definitions [40 CFR 180.1 (g)] for
Avocado, banana, and passionfruit.

A	B

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)	Avocado (Persea americana Mill.);
Avocado, Guatemalan (Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis);
Avocado, Mexican (Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. &
Cham.) S. F. Blake); Avocado, West Indian (Persea americana var.
americana)

Banana (Musa spp.)	Banana (Musa spp.); Banana, Dwarf (Musa hybrids; Musa
acuminata Colla); Plantain (Musa x paradisiaca L. )

Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims)	Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis
Sims); Passionfruit, Purple (Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis);
Passionfruit, Yellow (Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg.)

“

HED Recommendations for IR-4 Proposal 5:

Currently there are two established commodity definitions [(40 CFR §
180.1(g)] which apply to the proposed for tropical and subtropical
fruits – inedible peel group.  They are banana and sugar apple (Table
65).  The tropical fruits having no crop group have had to set
tolerances on a case by case basis for each commodity.  Before the
Tropical and subtropical fruit – inedible peel group proposal, to help
the U.S. tropical fruit growers, and to facilitate residue data
generation and tolerance establishment on tropical and subtropical
fruits, USDA IR-4 requested commodity definitions for avocado, lychee,
papaya, and an update to sugar apple and ChemSAC approved these
commodity definitions in 1998 (Schneider, B.A. 1998 b, c, d, and e). 
The six proposed new or revised commodity definitions will be discussed
below.  Except for the case of the established commodity definition for
banana and sugar apple, ChemSAC approved commodity definition for
avocado and it has been successful in establishing 36 tolerances for
avocado, papaya, caimito (star apple), black sapote, mango, sapodilla,
canistel, and mamey sapote (See Tables 36, 38, and 39).  The definition
for lychee has been successful in establishing 16 tolerances for lychee,
longan, Spanish lime, pulasan, and rambutan (Tables 37 and 43).  The
commodity definition for sugar apple has been successful in establishing
ten tolerances for sugar apple, atemoya, custard apple, cherimoya,
ilama, soursop, and biriba (Tables 41, 44, and 47).  Banana has 22
established tolerances (Table 39).  When the Tropical and subtropical
fruit group - inedible peel is established the need for all the proposed
tropical fruit commodity definitions except for banana and sugar apple
will no longer be necessary.  With the proposed established of the
Tropical and subtropical fruit – inedible peel group 24, I recommend
ChemSAC approve deleting the previously ChemSAC approved avocado, lychee
and papaya commodity definitions under 40 CFR Part 180.1(g) because each
of these commodities are listed separately as members of the new
proposed Tropical and subtropical fruit – inedible peel crop group, as
well as members of crop subgroups.  Since these three commodity
definitions were not published in the Federal Register there is no issue
deleting them.

HED recommendations for revisions to commodity definitions both
established and proposed as follows:

Commodity Definition	Proposed Decision

Avocado	Recommend not to establish this commodity definition since all
of the commodities except mamey sapote will be a member of crop subgroup
24B - Tropical and subtropical, medium to large fruit, smooth inedible
peel.  Mamey sapote will become member of crop subgroup 24C - Tropical
and subtropical, medium to large fruit, rough or hairy, inedible peel. 
The other proposed avocado commodities listed in Table 66 will be listed
as separate distinct members of the crop group and a definition will not
be needed. 

Banana	The proposed change to the banana commodity definition is to add
dwarf banana and their scientific names.  Because of the success of the
current banana commodity definition we recommend not to add these two
items because they are included in the current commodity definition or
in the case of dwarf banana it is included as a distinct member of the
Tropical and subtropical fruit – inedible peel.  

Lychee 	The commodity definition for lychee will no longer be needed,
since lychee will be the representative commodity for crop subgroup 24A
- Tropical and subtropical, small fruit, inedible peel subgroup. 
Several of the commodities including longan, rambutan, and pulusan will
be in crop subgroup 24C - Tropical and subtropical, medium to large
fruit, rough or hairy, inedible peel.  

Papaya	The commodity definition for papaya will also no longer be needed
since it will become a member of crop subgroup 24B - Tropical and
subtropical, medium to large fruit, smooth inedible peel with avocado as
the representative commodity.

Passionfruit	The proposed commodity definition for passionfruit is not
necessary since crop subgroup 24E - Tropical and subtropical, vine
subgroup with passionfruit as the representative commodity, and all the
proposed commodities are in this subgroup.

Sugar Apple 	The addition of ilama and biriba to the established sugar
apple definition is also not recommended since there are ten established
tolerances based on the established definition and these two commodities
are listed as members of the crop group and are in the same subgroup 24C
as sugar apple.  Atemoya and sugar apple are proposed representative
commodities to crop subgroup 24C - Tropical and subtropical, medium to
large fruit, rough or hairy, inedible peel subgroup.  

However the scientific names to the current commodity definition for
sugar apple needs to be updated as follows:

Current sugar apple definition:

“Sugar apple = (Annona squamosa L. (sugar apple, sweetsop, anon), and
its hybrid A. squamosa L. x A. cherimoya M. (atemoya). Also true custard
apple.”

Revise Sugar apple definition to:

 

“Sugar apple = sugar apple (Annona squamosa L. and its hybrid atemoya
(Annona cherimola Mill X A. squamosa L.)  Also includes true custard
apple (Annona reticulata L.).  Sweetsop and Anon are lookup terms for
sugar apple and can be deleted from this revised definition”.



Additional HED Recommendations/Conclusions: 

HED Conclusion 6:

	Another important aspect of crop grouping is the harmonization effort
with the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds.  The proposed
EPA crop group for Tropical and subtropical fruit group – inedible
peel is very similar to the corresponding Codex Assorted tropical and
sub-tropical fruits group – inedible peel.  The Codex Group 006,
Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits group – inedible peel (Crop
Group 006, letter code FI), consists of sixty-two commodities including
matches to the proposed EPA commodities and crop group (Table 48). 

The differences are several of the Codex commodities refer to another
commodity such as “Egg, fruit see Canistel” whereas in the U.S crop
grouping system canistel is a distinct commodity.  The sixty-two Codex
commodities really consist of forty-seven distinct commodities with the
rest being multiple entries, or varieties of cultivar of other
commodities listed.  The U.S. is proposing to add several commodities
such as abiu, aisen, binji, Burmese grape, and wampi that are not yet in
the Codex system.  Several Codex names are equivalent to lookup terms in
the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary like Java apple is wax jambu.
 Some of the commodities like guava and tamarind are being placed in the
tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel group.  Note that the
current Codex crop group does not have representative commodities.  A
revision of the Codex Classification is underway with consideration to
include adding new commodities, creating subgroups, and selecting
representative commodities.  The expanded Tropical and Subtropical Fruit
– Inedible Peel Group 24 and the representative commodities proposed
in this petition would facilitate the harmonization of the U.S. and the
Codex crop classification systems.  

	Codex uses multiple commodity terms for the same commodity and refers
to the preferred commodity, while EPA has the Food and Feed Commodity
Vocabulary website that has many lookup terms that link to the preferred
commodity term used for establishing tolerances/MRL.  

HED Conclusion 7:

	Guidance for HED SOP 99.6 -  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1  “Classification of
Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20, 1999,
and HED SOP 2000.1 – “  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Guidance for Translation
of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group
Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued
September 12, 2000 can be updated to reflect the amendment to the
Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Group 24.  The updates are discussed in
the HED SOP 2001.1 Section of this analysis.

HED Conclusion 8:

Guidance on expressing tolerance terminology for the new Tropical and
subtropical fruit - inedible peel 24 are discussed under the
“Tolerance expression guidance section of this analysis.  New lookup
and preferred EPA terms for the members of the Tropical and subtropical
fruit group - inedible peel Crop Group are listed in the EPA Food and
Feed Commodity Vocabulary section of this report and these terms will be
added to the updated EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary website (
HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed"
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed ). 

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