 

	UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

OFFICE OF           

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES

AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES

May 20, 2009

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT:	Amendment to the New Oilseed Crop Group 20 (40 CFR § 180.41
(c) to Add Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) as a New Member of the
Crop Group for ChemSAC Review.  MRID 467896-01.

FROM:	Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist

Chemistry and Exposure Branch  

Health Effects Division (7509P)  

THROUGH:	William Donovan, Ph.D., Chairperson

HED Chemistry Science Advisory Council (ChemSAC)

		Health Effects Division (7509P)  

Jennifer Selwyn, PMRA

		Rame Cromwell, FEAD (7506P)

TO:	Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer

Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB) 

		Registration Division (7505P)

BACKGROUND AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

	It was brought to our attention in the USDA IR-4 ChemSAC Proposal for
S-Metolachlor and Diquat Bromide Use in Calendula officinalis for
Nonfood Use Seed Production, May 5, 2009 that Calendula would be an
appropriate crop to add to the ChemSAC approved Oilseed crop group 20
(January 12, 2007).  The Federal Register Notice is being prepared to
codify the Oilseed crop group.  The timing is optimal for approving
Calendula to be a member of the Oilseed crop group.  The oilseed crop
group not only will provide a benefit to our growers but also provides
commodities that not only have beneficial edible food and feed items,
nutritional and medicinal uses, cosmetic and industrial uses in paints,
etc but an opportunity to develop oilseeds as biofuels to benefit U.S.
and Canada alternatives to fossil fuels.

	I will discuss the Calendula crop and why I recommend that it would be
a good addition to the Oilseed crop group.  I have added information
from Kathryn Homa’s well documented report and references, and input
and documents from Neal Boughton, Director of Agronomy for Technology
Crops Ltd., based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.  In addition
references from the USDA Agricola and CRIS database are included.  Also
a separate presentation modified from Neal Boughton is provided in a
separate PowerPoint presentation.  

HED Recommendation for Proposal to Add Calendula to the Oilseed Crop
Group:

	I recommend ChemSAC concur to add Calendula to the Oilseed Crop Group
and the Sunflower subgroup 20-09B based on its similarities in cultural
practices, geographical location, pest problems, oil uses, and
similarities to other members of the oilseed group.  

ABBREVIATED ANALYSIS:

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPOSED COMMODITY:

	Calendula is an annual flower that originated in southern Europe and
the Eastern Mediterranean area.  Currently, this plant is widely grown
in the United States mostly as an ornamental flower and is grown in USDA
Plant hardiness zones 2 – 9.  

	Calendula is a member of the Asteraceae family which includes the
following oilseeds: Sunflower, safflower, stokes aster, Niger seed, and
vernonia.  

	The exposure of the crop to pesticides would be similar to sunflower,
since the flowers and seed heads are exposed.  	The other members of the
Sunflower subgroup 20B are based on whether the seeds are partially
exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season.  The members of
this subgroup include:

Castor oil plant, Chinese tallowtree, Euphorbia, Evening primrose,
Jojoba, Niger seed, Rose hip, Safflower, Stokes aster, Sunflower,
Tallowwood, Tea oil plant, and Vernonia.  

	Utilization of all these oilseed crops is similar in that they are
grown for their oil, seed and meal.  Calendula has potential for
industrial uses and for edible refined oil.  For now most of the work is
being conducted on Calendula as a replacement for tung oil which is a
paint additive.  

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CALENDULA

	Calendula growth stages are very similar to the sunflower (See Table 4
Selected Growth Stages of Sunflower Using BBCH Identification Codes in
Schneider, B. A. 2007. Crop Grouping Part IV Oilseed Crop Group
Analysis, MRID 467896-01, January 8).  Days to first flower vary from 50
– 75 days.  Flowering starts middle of June and flowers vary from 1.5
– 3.5 cm.  Flowers may be orange or yellow.  The plant reaches 40 to
85 cm tall during the season.  The seeds will ripen in early August with
harvesting from August 1 – 15.  In Canada research trials in prairie
areas  had calendula flowering at 51 – 75 days and maturing at 144
days and mean seed yields of 216 kg/ha and harvesting from August –
early September.  Average calendic acid content of the seed is 45 – 50
% under dryland conditions. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DISRTIBUTION OF CALENDULA:

	Calendula is widely adapted to areas of the U.S since it has ornamental
uses and has been grown for many years.  It has been widely research and
developed as an industrial oilseed in many European countries, funded by
National Governments and the European Union, to support and develop new
oil crop species.  Canada has also researched this crop and it is being
grown in Montana and Canada.  Requirement limiting oilseed production is
being near an oilseed processing facility.  Due to the success of
Calendula in Europe, contract production of Calendula is beginning in
the United States and Canada.  Currently, Technology Crops Ltd, a
company that contracts the growing of many specialty oil crops including
high oleic sunflowers and high erucic acid rapeseed, is looking to
contract the production of Calendula in the state of Minnesota.  

CALENDULA CULTURAL PRACTICES AND CROP ROTATIONS:

	Calendula should be planted when soil temperatures are > 46° F and the
seeds germinate rapidly.  It can be planted as part of a no-till or
conventional till system at ½ - ¾ inch deep and row widths similar to
cereals with 6 – 7 plants per sq. ft.  Seeds are planted with a grain
drill at rate of 7 – 12 kg/ha and a plant population of 40 – 60
plants/m³.  The rows are 12 – 25 cm wide but can vary up to 50 cm.  

	The soil needs to be a sandy loam to medium clays soil with the
following climatic factors:

   Average minimum temperature 45 - 55 F

Average maximum temperature 60 - 76 F

Average rainfall of 11/2 to 2 inches/month

Calendula has a higher frost tolerance than flax.

CROP ROTATION SYSTEMS:

	Calendula can be in a crop rotation system with cereals grains,
soybeans, or fallow.

CALENDULA PEST PROBLEMS:

	Very similar to other oilseed members of the Asteraceae family
including annual grasses and broadleaf weeds that reduce yields and
prevent proper growth and can contribute to seed contamination at
harvest.  Plant diseases such as powdery mildew, Botrytis and
Sclerotinia are a problem as well as aster yellows.  Insects such moth
larvae (Heliothis), cabbage loppers, and blister beetles have sometimes
been a problem as well as the soybean cyst nematode.

CALENDULA HARVESTING AND PROCESSING:

	Another major constraint in maximizing Calendula oilseed production
occurs at harvest time.  Due to variations in Calendula seed maturity,
harvesting for oilseed production is quite difficult.  Many growers face
a situation where some seeds have reached maturity, while other seeds
remain immature.  Waiting for all seeds in the field to dry can lead to
seed shedding and a significant reduction in yield.  In order to harvest
the oilseed properly, the use of a desiccant prior to combining was
shown to result in less seed loss compared to windrowing.  Use of a
desiccant may solve the harvesting problems.  Like all oilseeds it needs
to be stored at 9 % moisture.  Yields may vary from 0.7 – 9 T/ha at 91
% DM and oil percent will vary from 14.2 – 19.2%.  The crop needs to
be swathed at present due to lack of chemical desiccant approvals when
80 % of seed heads are brown and with a combine.  Mechanical harvesting
is used for all the oilseed crops including calendula, none are hand
harvested, and grain combines are adapted to planting and harvesting.

COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL RESIDUE LEVELS:

	Magness, Markle, and Compton in 1971 classified food and feed crops
based on predicting the potential for pesticide residues based on
exposure of the edible parts to applied pesticides, which led to the
development of the crop groups.  The oilseeds were classified in the
Edible Food Oil Crop Category I and II.  Category I and II includes the
food oil crops in which the source of oil is the seeds.  Category I
include oilseeds that have the seed protected in a pod like canola. 
Category II oil crops have the seeds partially exposed during
development and include sunflower and safflower, and calendula is
similar to this category, so all would be members of the Sunflower
subgroup 20B with sunflower as the representative commodity.  One would
expect pesticide residues to be similar in most of the members of the
oilseed crop group, and distinct oilseed crop subgroups may be based on
potential of residue to be deposited on the seed.  

CALENDULA OIL USES:

Calendula oil can be used for medicinal purpose, dyes, and food purposes
including garnishes, butters, flavorings and colorings, and it has
recently gained popularity as an oilseed crop for industrial use. 
Research in the last ten years in Europe has shown that calendula offers
the most immediate prospect of commercialization of many oilseeds and
can be used in a number of valuable non-food use products including
paints, coatings and some industrial nylon products.  It can also be
used as a replacement for Tung oil which has to be imported and is
expensive and getting harder to obtain.  Calendula oil, which makes up
40 to 46% of the seed, contains 50 - 55% highly conjugated calendic acid
(octadeca-8,10:12-trienoic acid) and 28 - 30% non-conjugated linoenic
acid.  It has been discovered that the calendic fatty acid in this plant
is the “most rapidly oxidized fatty acid known in nature and has an
extensive number of applications in the plastics, paints and coatings
industries”   Tung oil, which contains high levels of polyunsaturated
fatty acids, currently serves as the reactive component in fast drying
paints.  Used widely in Europe in paints and inks, “5,000 tons of tung
oil is imported annually into the UK from China and South America at
prices between $1,200 and $2,300”   It has been found that Calendula
oil may be able to replace the “erratic” supply of tung oil in the
future.  Calendula is also important in the oil-based paint industry, as
it is a “diluents of white spirit, the volatile drying component that
may soon be limited by legislation as it releases volatile organic
compounds into the atmosphere”  Replacing these harmful compounds in
paints and inks with calendula oil-based paints can result in less
ground-level ozone levels and smog.  

OTHER HED CONSIDERATIONS FOR CALENDULA:

CHANGES TO EPA DATABASES:

The proposed new Oilseed Crop Group 20 will affect the need to update
many Risk Assessment Models, Residue Chemistry Guidelines, OPP
databases, and/or HED Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).

HED SOP 2000.1 – “  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Guidance for Translation of
Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group
Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued
September 12, 2000.

There is no guidance in the SOP for the new Oilseed crop group, so the
following guidance for translation of the representative commodities to
other members of the subgroup will be provided below:

	The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative
commodities to other commodities in the Sunflower subgroup 20B would be
as follows:

Crop Subgroup 20B:  Sunflower subgroup

Representative Commodity:  Sunflower

SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

Calendula				Sunflower

Castor oil plant 			Sunflower

Chinese tallowtree			Sunflower

Euphorbia				Sunflower

Evening primrose			Sunflower

Jojoba					Sunflower

Niger seed				Sunflower

Rose hip				Sunflower

Safflower				Sunflower

Stokes aster				Sunflower

Sunflower				Sunflower

Tallowwood				Sunflower

Tea oil plant				Sunflower

Vernonia				Sunflower

________________________________________________________________________

(5) Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database for the
Oilseed Crop Group, prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider, June
2006, are shown in Table 24 below:

Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database.  

Oilseed Crop Group.  Prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider.  June
2006.  

Commodity 	% Dry Matter

Calendula, seed	91.0

Rapeseed, seed	90.0, 91.0, 92.0

Rapeseed, meal	88.0, 90.0

Rapeseed, forage	30.0

Safflower, seed	93.0, 94.0, 94.3

Safflower, meal	91.0, 92.0

Safflower, refined oil	0.0

Sunflower, seed	93.0, 95.0

Sunflower, meal	92.0

Sunflower, refined oil	0.0



CODEX CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES AND EPA FOOD AND FEED
COMMODITY VOCABULARY: 

	Calendula is not in the Oilseed crop group for Codex.  The ICGCC will
submit calendula to be added to the Codex crop 23.  Codex has marigold
flowers HH 737 herbs and spices same scientific names.  The US also has
the same scientific name for marigold in the Herb and Spice group 19. 
The genus Tagetes contains most of the marigolds used for its petals in
poultry feed.  The oilseed Calendula will not be used for poultry feed.

TOLERANCE EXPRESSION GUIDANCE:

	Until the Federal Register Notice is issued revising the Crop Group
Regulation to establish the new Oilseed Crop Group 20 with three Crop
subgroups the commodities approved for the crop group and subgroups will
have to be listed as separate commodities at the same tolerance level. 
This also applied to the new Crop subgroups, the individual commodities
will have to be listed separately with each at the same tolerance level.
 The ChemSAC approved crop group is sent to the Risk Integration, Minor
Use, and Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB) of the Registration
Division can immediately implement the new Crop Group and Crop Subgroups
with new tolerance expressions located in the Section F submissions. 
The tolerance expression examples will provide an expedited way to
establish tolerances in or on oilseed crops, especially for new reduced
risk pesticides, without requiring additional residue data for all the
crops noted.  This will create a practice in the United States which is
already formalized in Canada and promote international harmonization. 
Several tolerance expression examples for guidance purposes for use by
RIMUERB and HED reviewers will be listed below:

Example 1:  How will the Crop group and subgroups appear in the Federal
Register for the proposed crop group regulation [40CFR 180.41(c)]?  This
example is for the Field and External Affairs Division (FEAD) use in
preparing the new Federal Register Regulation.  The example follows the
same format as the current Crop Grouping Regulation Federal Register
Notice (FR 60, No.95, 5/17/95, 26626-26643). 

Answer to Example 1:

“Crop Group 20: Oilseed Crop Group.

Representative commodities.  Rapeseed, canola varieties only; sunflower,
and cottonseed, undelinted seed.  

Table.  The following Table 1 lists all the commodities listed in Crop
Group 20 and identifies the related crop subgroups and includes
cultivars, hybrids, and/or varieties of these commodities.

TABLE 1 -Crop Group 20: Oilseed Crop Group

Commodities	Related crop subgroups

Borage, Borago officinalis (L.) 	20A

Calendula, Calendula officinalis L. 	20B

Castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (L.)	20B

Chinese tallowtree, Triadica sebifera (L.) Small	20B

Cottonseed, Gossypium spp.L.	20C

Crambe, Crambe hispanica L.; Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fr.	20A

Cuphea, Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth	20A

Echium, Echium plantagineum L	20A

Euphorbia, Euphorbia esula L.	20B

Evening primrose, Oenothera biennis (L.)	20B

Flax seed, Linum usitatissimum L.	20A

Gold of pleasure, Camelina sativa L. Crantz	20A

Hare's ear mustard, Conringia orientalis Dumort.	20A

Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid.	20B

Lesquerella, Lesquerella recurvata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) S. Watson	20A

Lunaria, Lunaria annua L.	20A

Meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba Hartw. Ex Benth.	20A

Milkweed, Asclepias spp. L.	20A

Mustard seed, Brassica hirta, spp.	20A

Niger seed, Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.	20B

Oil radish, Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis Pers	20A

Poppy seed, Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum	20A

Rapeseed, Brassica spp.; Brassica napus L.	20A

Rose hip, Rosa rubiginosa L.	20B

Safflower, Carthamus tinctorious L.	20B

Sesame, Sesamum indicum L.; Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & Thonn.	20A

Stokes aster, Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene	20B

Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L.	20B

Sweet rocket, Hesperis matronalis L.	20A

Tallowwood, Ximenia americana L.	20B

Tea oil plant, Camellia oleifera C. Abel	20B

Vernonia, Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less.	20B



 Table. The following Table 2 identifies the crop subgroups for Crop
Group 20, specifies the representative commodities for each subgroup and
lists all the commodities included in each subgroup.

TABLE 2 -Crop Group 20: Subgroup Listing

Representative commodities	Commodities

Subgroup 20A:  Rapeseed subgroup.

Rapeseed, canola varieties only.	Borage, Crambe, Cuphea, Echium, Flax
seed, Gold of pleasure, Hare's ear mustard, Lesquerella, Lunaria,
Meadowfoam, Milkweed, Mustard seed, Oil radish, Poppy seed, Rapeseed,
Sesame, Sweet rocket, cultivars and/or hybrids of these. 

Subgroup 20B:  Sunflower.

Sunflower.	Calendula, Castor oil plant, Chinese tallowtree, Euphorbia,
Evening primrose/common, Jojoba, Niger seed, Rose hip, Safflower, Stokes
aster, Sunflower, Tallowwood, Tea oil plant, Vernonia.

Subgroup 20C: Cottonseed subgroup.

Cotton, undelinted seed.	Cottonseed



Example 2:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Oilseed crop group 20, for
example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will be useful
for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to
prepare tolerance tables.  All the new proposed commodities will have to
be listed separately from the crop group tolerance and at the same level
as the crop group.

Answer to Example 2:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Borage, seed 	1.5

Calendula, seed 	1.5

Castor oil plant, seed	1.5

Chinese tallowtree, seed	1.5

Cotton, undelinted seed	1.5

Crambe, seed	1.5

Cuphea, seed	1.5

Echium, seed	1.5

Euphorbia, seed 	1.5

Evening primrose, seed	1.5

Flax, seed	1.5

Gold of pleasure, seed	1.5

Hare's ear mustard, seed	1.5

Jojoba, seed	1.5

Lesquerella, seed	1.5

Lunaria, seed	1.5

Meadowfoam, seed	1.5

Milkweed, seed	1.5

Mustard, seed	1.5

Niger seed, seed	1.5

Oil radish, seed	1.5

Poppy, seed	1.5

Rapeseed, seed	1.5

Rose hip, seed	1.5

Safflower, seed	1.5

Sesame, seed	1.5

Stokes aster, seed	1.5

Sunflower, seed	1.5

Sweet rocket, seed	1.5

Tallowwood, seed	1.5

Tea oil plant, seed	1.5

Vernonia, seed	1.5

Cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 3:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Sunflower subgroup 20B, for
example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will be useful
for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to
prepare tolerance tables.

Answer to Example 3 for the Sunflower subgroup 20B:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Calendula, seed	1.5

Castor oil plant, seed	1.5

Chinese tallowtree, seed	1.5

Euphorbia, seed 	1.5

Evening primrose, seed	1.5

Jojoba, seed	1.5

Niger seed, seed	1.5

Rose hip, seed	1.5

Safflower, seed	1.5

Stokes aster, seed	1.5

Sunflower, seed	1.5

Tallowwood, seed	1.5

Tea oil plant, seed	1.5

Vernonia, seed	1.5



Cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

REFERENCES:

USDA CRIS PROJECTS:

1. PROJ NO: ND03500. 2008. INVESTIGATOR: Johnson, B. L. 

PERFORMING INSTITUTION: 

PLANT SCIENCES 

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV 

FARGO, NORTH DAKOTA 58105 

PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR SUNFLOWER, ALTERNATIVE, AND NEW AGRONOMIC AND
HORTICULTURAL CROPS 

Producers will benefit from improved production practices that generate
higher yields and greater profits. This will be realized with sunflower,
alternative, and new agronomic and horticultural crops grown in North
Dakota and the northern Great Plains. 

2. PROJ NO: ND06346  2005. INVESTIGATOR: Halvorson, M. 

PERFORMING INSTITUTION: 

NORTH CENTRAL RESEARCH EXTENSION CTR 

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV 

FARGO, NORTH DAKOTA 58105 

CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR UNIQUE OILSEED AND LEGUME CROPS FOR THE NC
REGION OF NORTH DAKOTA 

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: No information on best management practices for
new alternative crops and soybeans exists for this area of North Dakota.
This project will determine the best seeding dates for borage, camelina,
and calendula. We will also determine the best row spacing, seeding
rate, and tillage system for soybean production in western North Dakota.


OBJECTIVES: Determine the effects of seeding date on character
expression and performance of borage, calendula, and camelina in North
Dakota. Determine the effect of swathing time on seed shatter and yield
of borage. Determine the effect of row spacing, population and tillage
system on the performance of soybeans. 

APPROACH: Will research five seeding dates to determine the best seeding
date for borage, camelina, and calendula. The seeding dates will range
from May 1 to June 15 

3.  PROJ NO: MONB00804. 2007. INVESTIGATOR: Callan, N. W. 

PERFORMING INSTITUTION: 

WESTERN AGRI RES CENTER 

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 

BOZEMAN, MONTANA 59717 

HORTICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION 

Many small-to-medium sized Montana agricultural producers are turning to
high-value essential oil crops and medicinal and culinary herbs to
diversify their farming operations and increase income in the face of
declining returns for traditional commodities. There is currently little
information available regarding cultural practices for specialty crops
grown in Montana's climate. The purpose of this research is to provide
agricultural producers with information about production practices for
specialty crops in Montana. Biological plant disease control is
emphasized. 

Other References:

1.  Homa, Kathryn.  2009. IR-4 ChemSAC Proposal: S- Metolachlor and
Diquat Dibromide Use in Calendula officinalis for Non-food Use Seed
Production. USDA IR-4. May.

2.  Froment, M., D. Masterbroek, and K. Van Gorp. 2008. A Growers Manual
for Calendula officinalis L. 9pp. ADAS Bridge Research Centre, UK,
Wetherlund Royal CEBECO Group Plant Research Institute. Netherlands.  

3.  Rose, J. 2009. Aromatic Plant Project.  San Francisco, CA. ( 
HYPERLINK "http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/marigold" 
http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/marigold ).

4.  Kalvatcher, Z., R. Walder, and D. Gazaro. 1997. Anti HIV extracts
from Calendula officinalis. Biomedical & Pharmacotherapy 51(4).  

5. Calendula 2009.   HYPERLINK
"http://www.ienica.net/crops/calendula.htm" 
http://www.ienica.net/crops/calendula.htm 

6.  Re, T., D. Moony, E. Antignac, E. Dufour, I. Bark, V. Srinivasan,
and G. Nohynek. 2009. Food and Chemistry In Press. 

7. Dyer, T., S. Stymer, A. Green, and A. Carlson.  2008. High Value Oils
from Plants. Plant J. 54(4): 640-655. 

8. Okoh, O., A. Sadienenho, and A. Afolayon. 2007. The Effect of Age on
Yield and Composition of the Essential Oils. Calendula officinalis. J.
Applied Sciences. 7(23): 3806 - 3010

9. Sinkard, A.,  R. Wilen, B. Barl, and M. Bandara. 2001. Evaluation of
Calendula s an Industrial Oilseed Crop.  University of Saskatchewan
Agricultural Development Fund Final Report 19980314. ADF Project
98000314-Res.65 BW. 16 pp. 

10. Van Soest, L. 1993.  New Crop Development in Europe. Pages 30 – 38
In J. Janick and J. Simon. New Crops> Wiley, NY. 

11. Schumacher, J. 2006. Montana Oilseed Markets: Historical Price and
Production Statistics. Agricultural Marketing Policy Paper No. 19.
Montana State University November.

12. Richter, C. 2007. Commercial calendula Cultivation. Aromatic Plant
Project. San Francisco, CA.

13. Dyer, J. and R. Mullen. 2005. Development and Potential of
Genetically Engineered Oilseeds. Seed Science Research 15: 255-267. 

14. Dyer, J. and R. Mullen. 2008. Engineering Plant Oils as High value
Industrial Feedstocks for Biorefining the Need for Underpinning Cell
Biology Research. Physiologia Planatarum 132: 11-22.

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