1
UNITED
STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
WASHINGTON,
D.
C.
20460
April
13,
2006
PREVENTION
PESTICIDES
AND
TOXIC
SUBSTANCES
Memorandum
SUBJECT:
Biological
and
Economic
Analysis
of
Dichlorvos
for
Residential
Outdoor
Pests
FROM:
Don
Atwood,
Entomologist
Biological
Analysis
Branch
Biological
and
Economic
Analysis
Division
(
7503C)

THRU:
Arnet
Jones,
Chief
Biological
Analysis
Branch
Tim
Kiely,
Acting
Chief
Economic
Analysis
Branch
Biological
and
Economic
Analysis
Division
(
7503C)

TO:
Dayton
Eckerson/
Eric
Olson,
Chemical
Review
Manager
Reregistration
Branch
1
Special
Review
and
Reregistration
Division
(
7508C)

PRP
REVIEW
DATE:
March
31,
2006
SUMMARY
Available
data
indicates
low
benefits
associated
with
residential
outdoor
use
of
dichlorvos.
For
all
pests,
sufficient
alternative
insecticides
are
available
to
provide
control
in
the
absence
of
dichlorvos.
Dichlorvos
is
generally
not
included
in
state
recommendations
for
residential
outdoor
insect
control
other
than
for
flying/
stinging
insects.
However,
in
instances
where
dichlorvos
is
recommended,
it
is
only
one
of
many
suggested
insecticides.
EPA
proprietary
data
for
2001
confirm
these
findings
and
show
negligible
dichlorvos
use
by
homeowners
or
Pest
Control
Operators.
BEAD
concludes
that
the
absence
of
dichlorvos
for
residential
outdoor
insect
control
would
not
have
a
biological
or
economic
impact.
2
I.
SCOPE
AND
LIMITATIONS
OF
ASSESSMENT
The
scope
of
this
assessment
is
at
the
national
level.
This
assessment
considers
all
outdoor
residential
uses
of
DDVP.
The
scope
of
this
analysis
includes
an
examination
of
residential
impacts
associated
with
no
longer
allowing
the
use
of
dichlorvos.
This
mitigation
scenario
reflects
the
health
risks
as
identified
by
the
Health
Effects
Division
of
the
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs.
=

=

here
are
limits
to
this
assessment.
The
primary
limit
is
the
lack
of
available
data
associated
with
residential
insecticide
use.
The
lack
of
usage
and
economic
data
for
residential
pesticides
makes
the
benefit
analysis
rely
chiefly
on
alternative
insecticides.

=

EAD
assessment
is
based
on
the
best
professional
judgement
of
BEAD
analysts
when
estimates
are
not
available
from
other
sources.
BEAD
has
relied
largely
on
state
pesticide
recommendations.
In
the
absence
of
efficacy
data,
is
assumed
that
the
recommended
alternative
insecticides
are
efficacious
against
the
target
pests.

II.
=

ESIDENTIAL
USE
OF
DICLHORVOS
=

Dichlorvos
is
available
in
7
formulations.
These
are
liquid­
ready
to
use,
emulsifiable
concentrate,
soluble
concentrate,
pressurized
liquid,
granular,
wettable
powder/
dust,
and
impregnated
material.

=

ichlorvos
for
residential
use
is
generally
available
only
to
trained
professionals,
Pest
Control
Operators
=

PCOs).
Residential
outdoor
uses
of
dichlorvos
include
perimeter
spraying
for
nuisance
pests,
flying/
sting
pests,
and
baits
for
fly
control.

A.
=

OMEOWNER
INSECTICIDE
USAGE
=

utdoor
insecticide
use
in
2001
accounted
for
only
28.4%
of
total
residential
insecticide
homeowner
use
=

EPA
proprietary
data).
Aerosols
are
still
the
mainstay
of
residential
insecticides.
Only
8.9%
of
sales
were
for
water­
soluble
powders,
dusts,
and
pest
strip
products.

=

ichlorvos
use
for
outdoor
pest
application
is
negligible.
Diazinon,
carbaryl,
malathion,
permethrin,
and
chlorpyrifos
make
up
86%
of
homeowner
residential
outdoor
insecticide
sales.
Dichlorvos
usage,
though
not
quantified,
is
part
of
the
remaining
11%
of
insecticide
sales.

=

hile
dichlorvos
does
not
have
a
large
market
share
at
this
time,
recent
re­
registration
activities
could
cause
a
shift
in
the
outdoor
use
of
this
product.
With
the
phase
out
of
both
chlorpyrifos
and
diazinon,
an
increase
use
of
dichlorvos
could
occur.
However,
due
to
the
numerous
other
alternative
insecticides
available,
a
change
in
use
pattern
in
favor
of
dichlorvos
is
unlikely.

=

B.
=

CO
INSECTICIDE
USAGE
=

ichlorvos
usage
by
PCO
=

s
is
negligible.
EPA
propietary
data
indicates
exterior
insect
control
is
offered
by
approximately
16%
of
PCO
=

s
and
represents
only
2%
of
PCO
revenues.
Dichlorvos
sales
to
PCO
=

s
is
negligible,
accountings
for
less
than
0.05%
of
total
insecticide
sales.

III.
USE
OF
DICHLORVOS
TO
CONTROL
OUTDOOR
(
LAWN/
PERIMETER
AND
FLYING/
STINGING)
PESTS
A.
FLYING
STINGING
INSECTS
(
WASPS,
HORNETS,
YELLOWJACKETS,
MUD
DAUBERS)
1.
Paper
wasps
and
hornets
­
These
insects
may
become
a
nuisance
when
nesting
around
homes
and
other
structures
where
people
live,
work
or
play.
Although
considered
beneficial
to
agriculture,
it
is
their
painful
stinging
ability
that
causes
alarm
and
fear.
3
2.
Yellowjackets
­
Yellowjacket
wasps
often
become
a
nuisance
as
they
build
up
in
large
populations
and
scavenge
for
human
food
at
picnics,
cookouts,
outside
restaurants,
bakeries,
campsites,
fairs,
sports
events
and
other
outdoor
get­
togethers.
Many
are
attracted
in
large
numbers
to
garbage
cans
and
other
trash
receptacles.
Others
fly
in
and
out
of
nests
built
around
homes,
buildings
and
areas
where
people
live,
work
and
play,
causing
fear
and
alarm.

3.
Mud
daubers
­
Mud
daubers
may
become
a
nuisance
when
they
construct
nests
of
mud,
especially
on
porches,
decks,
sheds,
eaves,
attics,
ceilings,
walls
and
under
roof
overhangs
around
homes
and
other
structures
where
people
live,
work
and
play.
They
are
considered
nuisance
pests
since
nests
are
not
defended
and
stings
are
rare.
In
spite
of
their
formidable
appearance,
these
solitary
wasps
are
not
aggressive
and
controls
are
rarely
needed.

B.
TICKS
­
As
blood
feeders,
ticks
can
be
a
nuisance;
their
bites
can
cause
irritation
and,
in
the
case
of
some
ticks,
paralysis.
Ticks
also
can
transmit
several
human
and
animal
disease
pathogens
including
Lyme
disease,
human
babesiosis,
ehrlichiosis,
and
Rock
Mountain
spotted
fever.
Three
ticks
of
concern
oround
homes
include
the
American
dog
tick,
brown
dog
tick,
and
deer
tick.
4
C.
FLEAS
­
Adult
fleas
are
not
only
a
nuisance
to
humans
and
their
pets,
but
can
cause
medical
problems
including
flea
allergy
dermatitis
(
FAD),
tapeworms,
secondary
skin
irritations
and,
in
extreme
cases,
anemia.
Although
bites
are
rarely
felt,
it
is
the
resulting
irritation
caused
by
the
flea
salivary
secretions
that
varies
among
individuals.
Some
may
witness
a
severe
reaction
(
general
rash
or
inflammation)
resulting
in
secondary
infections
caused
by
scratching
the
irritated
skin
area.
Others
may
show
no
reaction
or
irritation
acquired
after
repeated
bites
over
several
weeks
or
months.
Most
bites
usually
found
on
the
ankles
and
legs
may
cause
pain
lasting
a
few
minutes,
hours
or
days
depending
on
one's
sensitivity.
The
typical
reaction
to
the
bite
is
the
formation
of
a
small,
hard,
red,
slightly­
raised
(
swollen)
itching
spot.
There
is
a
single
puncture
point
in
the
center
of
each
spot.
Also,
fleas
may
transmit
bubonic
plague
from
rodent
to
rodent
and
from
rodent
to
humans.
Oriental
rat
fleas
can
transmit
murine
typhus
(
endemic
typhus)
fever
among
rats
and
from
rats
to
humans.
Tapeworms
normally
infest
dogs
and
cats
but
may
appear
in
children
if
parts
of
infested
fleas
are
accidentally
consumed.

D.
FLIES
­
The
primary
fly
of
concern
around
homes
is
the
house
fly.
House
flies
are
both
sources
of
physical
nuisance
and
potential
disease
vectors.
Flies
regurgitate
and
excrete
wherever
they
come
to
rest
and
thereby
are
ideally
suited
to
mechanically
transmit
disease
organisms.
House
flies
are
suspected
of
transmitting
at
least
65
diseases
to
humans,
including
typhoid
fever,
dysentery,
cholera,
poliomyelitis,
yaws,
anthrax,
tularemia,
leprosy,
and
tuberculosis.

E.
ANTS
­
Several
species
of
ants
commonly
inhabit
home
lawns,
especially
in
areas
having
lighter
soils.
Ants
seldom
cause
serious
damage
to
home
lawns.
They
may
cause
minor
damage
to
the
turf
by
loosening
the
soil.
Their
mounds
(
ant
hills)
are
a
nuisance
during
mowing
and
other
lawn
maintenance
operations,
as
well
as
being
aesthetically
unpleasing.
Ants
have
strong
mandibles
and
can
bite.
Some
ants
also
can
sting.
Many
ants
are
considered
beneficial
because
they
are
scavengers
and
predators
on
certain
harmful
insects.

F.
SPIDERS
­
Unpopular
as
they
are,
most
spiders
are
shy
and
harmless
to
humans.
Most
have
fangs
too
small
or
weak
to
puncture
human
skin.
They
usually
will
not
attempt
to
bite
unless
accidentally
trapped
or
held.
Most
are
quite
beneficial
by
feeding
on
harmful
insects
(
flies,
crickets,
etc.)
and
mites
in
and
around
the
home,
yard,
garden
and
field.
Because
of
beneficial
aspects,
wholesale
destruction
of
spiders
should
be
avoided,
if
possible.
Some
southern
states
not
only
tolerate
spiders
but
encourage
them
to
inhabit
the
house
as
an
aid
in
nuisance
insect
control.

IV.
ALTERNATIVE
INSECTICIDES
TO
CONTROL
OUTDOOR
RESIDENTIAL
PESTS
5
A.
FLYING
STINGING
INSECTS
(
WASPS,
HORNETS,
YELLOW
JACKETS,
MUD
DAUBERS)
­
Chemical
control
should
be
a
last
resort
as
worker
populations
are
gone
after
a
hard
freeze
or
several
frosts.
There
are
literally
hundreds
of
insecticide
products
in
various
formulations
labeled
for
wasp
and
hornet
control
(
Table
1).
Control
of
these
social
wasps,
although
usually
not
difficult,
has
its
element
of
risk
in
being
stung.
It
is
best
to
conduct
control
operations
on
nests
at
dusk
or
after
dusk
to
avoid
being
stung,
since
most
of
the
paper
wasps
will
have
returned
to
their
nest.
If
applications
must
be
made
during
daylight
hours,
the
use
of
protective
equipment,
such
as
gloves,
hat,
bee
veil,
coveralls,
etc.,
will
help
prevent
stings
from
any
airborne
wasps.

For
control
of
wasps
and
hornets
that
build
aerial
nests
near
windows,
eaves,
in
trees,
etc.,
insecticides
are
formulated
in
pressurized
containers
that
emit
a
long,
narrow
stream
of
spray
15
to
20
feet.
Wasp
freeze
or
wasp
stopper
compounds,
containing
highly
volatile
solvents
mixed
with
resmethrin,
pyrethrins,
carbamates
or
some
of
the
newer
pyrethroids,
produce
almost
instant
knockdown
for
wasps
hit.
By
approaching
a
hornet
nest,
spraying
in
a
sweeping
motion,
the
area
can
be
cleared
of
guards
at
the
nest,
followed
by
directing
the
spray
stream
into
the
entrance
hole
at
the
nest
bottom
to
kill
those
inside.
During
the
day,
this
technique
does
not
alarm
other
hornets
returning
from
the
field.
No
other
insecticide
needs
to
be
introduced
into
the
nest
since
all
adults
present
are
killed
and
the
immature
stages
(
eggs
and
larvae)
die
from
lack
of
care.
Usually
after
one
to
two
days,
the
nest
can
be
removed
carefully.

Ground
nests
of
bumble
bees
or
yellow
jackets
contain
several
to
hundreds
of
workers.
The
actual
nest
may
be
some
distance
from
the
entry/
exit
site.
Insecticide
control
can
be
achieved
by
spraying
or
dusting
the
access
area
with
an
insecticide
registered
for
ground
application
and
repeating
until
activity
ceases.
There
is
no
need
to
remove
the
nest,
it
will
not
be
reused.
When
ground
bees
or
wasps
choose
an
inconvenient
site
to
nest,
their
numbers
can
be
reduced
by
spraying
the
ground
area
where
their
tunnels
are
visible.
The
soil
surface
should
then
be
disrupted
with
a
rake
or
hoe
and
then
sprayed
again.
As
the
bees
or
wasps
attempt
to
repair
the
damage
or
dig
new
tunnels,
the
insecticide
will
be
ingested.
Repeat
applications
may
be
required
the
next
season.

B.
TICKS
­
The
selective
application
of
pesticides
can
reduce
the
abundance
of
ticks
around
the
home
(
Table
1).
In
order
to
maximize
effectiveness,
tick
control
should
include
treatment
of
the
pet,
yard,
and
home
at
the
same
time.
Numerous
insecticides
are
available
for
each
treatment
site.

C.
FLEAS
­
Flea
control
is
best
achieved
with
a
simultaneous,
coordinated
effort
involving
strict
sanitation,
pet
treatment
and
premise
treatment
(
both
indoors
&
outdoors).
There
are
literally
hundreds
of
products
on
the
market
for
flea
control
on
pets
and
the
premises
(
Table
1).
6
D.
FLIES
­
The
four
basic
principles
of
house
fly
control
in
order
of
lasting
effectiveness
are
sanitation,
exclusion,
non­
chemical
measures,
and
chemical
methods.
Numerous
insecticidal
sprays
and
baits
can
be
used
for
fly
control
(
Table
1).

E.
ANTS
­
Outdoor
nests
can
be
very
difficult
to
eliminate
without
chemicals.
Insecticides
are
available
as
baits,
dusts,
and
sprays
for
control
of
ants
around
the
perimeter
of
houses
(
Table
1).

F.
SPIDERS
­
Because
of
their
beneficial
aspects,
wholesale
destruction
of
spiders
should
be
avoided.
However,
when
control
is
necessary,
numerous
insecticides
are
registered
for
spider
control
(
Table
1).

Table
1.
Alternative
insecticides
to
dichlorvos
for
control
of
residential
outdoor
pests.

PEST
CLASS
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
Wasps,
Hornets,
Yellow
Jackets,
Mud
daubers
Pyrethroids
cyfluthrin,
esfenvalerate,
permethrin,
tetramethrin,
tralomethrin
Organophosphate
malathion
Pyrethroids
bifenthrin,
cyfluthrin,
deltamethrin,
tralomethrin,
permethrin,
tetramethrin,
fluvalinate,
lambda
cyhalothrin,
pyrethrin,
esfenvalerate
Fleas
Organophosphate
malathion
Pyrethroids
bifenthrin,
cyfluthrin,
permethrin,
tetramethrin,
tralomethrin,
esfenvalerate
Insect
Growth
Regulator
fenoxycarb
Alkoxypyrimidine
pyriproxifen
Flies
(
spray
and
bait)
Organophosphate
malathion
Pyrethroids
cyfluthrin,
cypermethrin,
deltamethrin,
pyrethrins,
tetramethrin,
tralomethrin
Ants
Organophosphate
malathion
Pyrethroids
bifenthrin,
cyfluthrin,
esfenvalerate,
permethrin,
tetramethrin,
tralomethrin
7
Spiders
Organophosphate
propetamphos
Carbamate
bendiocarb,
propoxur
Pyrethroids
bifenthrin,
cyfluthrin,
esfenvalerate,
permethrin,
tetramethrin,
tralomehtrin,
resmethrin
V.
ALTERNATIVE
NONCHEMICAL
CONTROL
OF
OUTDOOR
RESIDENTIAL
PESTS
A.
FLYING
STINGING
INSECTS
(
WASPS,
HORNETS,
YELLOWJACKETS,
MUD
DAUBERS)
­
There
are
no
effective
and
safe
nonchemical
alternatives
to
insecticides
for
controlling
wasps
and
hornets.
However,
alternative
control
methods
may
be
used
to
control
yellowjackets
and
mud
daubers.

Yellowjackets
may
be
trapped
using
homemade
and
commercial
traps.
Hang
fish
or
liver
suspended
on
a
string
one
to
two
inches
over
a
tub
of
water
to
which
detergent
has
been
added
(
wetting
agent
eliminates
surface
tension).
Yellowjackets
will
try
to
fly
away
with
pieces
of
fish
or
liver
that
are
too
heavy
for
them
and
will
drown
after
falling
into
the
water.
It
is
not
unusual
to
fill
a
dishpan
with
drowned
yellowjackets
in
one
afternoon
during
the
peak
season.
Trapping
large
numbers
often
fails
to
reduce
population
to
acceptable
levels,
but
may
be
useful
in
small
areas.
Certain
yellowjackets
have
been
shown
to
fly
from
300
to
1,000
yards
from
their
nest
in
search
of
food.
There
are
several
commercial
non­
toxic
bait
traps
for
yellowjacket
wasp
control.
It
is
important
to
know
that
no
trap
is
good
at
rapid
knockdown
of
yellowjacket
populations.
For
effective
use
at
outdoor
events,
traps
should
be
placed
out
two
or
more
days
prior
to
the
event.

When
painting
buildings
it
is
often
necessary
to
remove
the
finger­
like
mud
tubes
formed
by
mud
daubers
from
places
which
need
to
be
painted.
Nests
can
be
removed
with
a
putty
knife
and
adults
killed
with
a
fly
swatter,
if
necessary.
Usually
it
is
not
necessary
to
control
mud
daubers
unless
their
presence
is
a
nuisance.
They
are
beneficial
to
humans
by
sometimes
killing
dangerous
spiders
such
as
the
black
widow.
8
B.
TICKS
­
Manipulating
tick
hosts
and
the
landscape
can
reduce
the
abundance
of
ticks
around
the
home.
Two
methods
are
recommended
for
tick
control
or
management.
First,
weeds
or
grass
should
be
mowed
along
with
brush
removal.
This
reduced
cover
raises
the
ground
temperature
and
lowers
the
humidity
so
the
ticks
dry
out
and
die.
In
addition,
it
eliminates
suitable
habitat
for
the
immature
(
larval
and
nymphal)
tick
hosts,
which
includes
small
rodents
such
as
the
white­
footed
mouse
and
the
meadow
vole.
Second,
limit
access
of
dogs
and
children
to
"
tick"
habitats.
Dog
control
is
important
to
reduce
tick
infestations.
Dogs
should
be
de­
ticked
daily
by
an
adult.

C.
FLEAS
­
Flea
control
in
lawns
can
be
obtained
using
Steinernema
nematodes.
Application
of
the
nematodes
must
be
periodically
repeated.
This
product
is
best
suited
for
situations
where
the
pet
spends
a
high
percentage
of
time
outdoors
and
the
product
is
applied
to
shaded
areas.
Nematodes
are
generally
most
effective
against
fleas
in
moist
sandy
soils
which
are
ideal
for
nematode
survival.
However,
fleas
survive
poorly
in
the
same
conditions.
Soil
properties
and
moisture
can
have
significant
impacts
on
nematode
efficacy.

D.
FLIES
­
The
three
basic
approaches
to
alternative
fly
control
are
sanitation,
exclusion,
and
non­
chemical
measures.

Flies
can't
breed
in
large
numbers
if
food
sources
are
limited.
It
is
important
not
to
allow
manure,
garbage,
weed
piles,
grass
clippings,
or
other
decaying
organic
matter
to
accumulate.
Trash
cans
should
be
be
kept
clean
and
rinse
water
should
not
be
allowed
to
drain
into
the
soil
as
flies
can
breed
in
soils
full
of
organic
matter.

Flies
can
be
kept
outside
of
homes
by
the
use
of
window
and
door
screens.
Openings
around
water
or
gas
pipes
or
electrical
conduits
that
feed
the
building
should
be
caulked
to
prevent
fly
entry.
All
ventilation
ducts
for
the
home
should
be
screened
to
exclude
flies.

The
use
of
devices
like
ultraviolet­
light
traps,
sticky
fly
traps,
fly
swatters,
and
baited
fly
traps
can
eliminate
many
flies
inside
a
home,
but
the
fly
swatter
is
an
economical
control
method
for
the
occasional
fly.

E.
ANTS
­
Outdoor
nests
can
be
very
difficult
to
eliminate
without
chemicals.
Using
water
to
flood
nests
is
usually
not
effective.
Use
of
gasoline
also
is
ineffective
and
causes
environmental
pollution.
Repeated
drenchings
of
a
nest
with
an
insecticidal
soap
solution
is
sometimes
effective
in
forcing
an
ant
colony
to
relocate.
There
is
no
scientific
evidence
that
spearmint
gum,
red
pepper,
orange
peels,
or
various
herbs
repel
ants
effectively.
9
F.
SPIDERS
­
Sanitation
is
critical
in
successful
spider
control.
Collection
and
destruction
of
spider
webs,
egg
sacs
and
spiders
using
a
vacuum
cleaner
or
broom
will
reduce
numbers
and
discourage
re­
establishment.
Elimination
of
other
pests
(
prey)
such
as
flies,
ants
and
cockroaches
will
remove
the
attraction
for
spiders.
Control
of
excess
moisture
and
humidity
will
also
discourage
spider
habitation.
Control
will
further
be
supported
by
removal
of
woodpiles,
trash,
rocks,
compost
piles,
old
boards
and
other
debris
outdoors,
especially
around
the
house
foundation
where
spiders
live.

BIOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE
OF
DICHLORVOS
FOR
CONTROL
OF
OUTDOOR
RESIDENTIAL
PESTS
Dichlorvos
is
not
used
specifically
against
pest
associated
with
lawn
damage.
It
is
only
used
as
a
perimeter
type
treatment
for
pests
which
might
invade
a
household.
The
major
use
is
in
combination
sprays
used
to
control
wasps,
hornets,
mud
daubers,
and
yellow
jackets.
As
there
are
numerous
alternative
insecticides
for
all
outdoor
residential
pests
which
might
be
controlled
with
dichlorvos,
the
absence
of
this
insecticide
would
have
no
biological
impact
on
this
use
site.

ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
OF
DICHLORVOS
FOR
CONTROL
OF
OUTDOOR
RESIDENTIAL
PESTS
Dichlorvos
is
but
one
of
many
insecticides
which
are
recommended
for
control
of
residential
outdoor
pests.
Considering
the
number
of
alternative
insecticides
and
the
current
lack
of
market
share
for
dichlorvos,
it
can
be
concluded
that
dichlorvos
is
not
economically
important
for
the
control
of
outdoor
residential
pests.

REFERENCES
1.
Household
and
Structural
Insect
Control
­
Household
and
Stored
Products.
2006.
Georgia
Pest
Control
Handbook.
University
of
Georgia
Department
of
Entomology.
http://
www.
ent.
uga.
edu/
pmh/
Household_
Stored_
Products/
household.
htm
2.
Control
of
Household
Pests.
2005.
North
Carolina
Agricultural
Chemicals
Manual
­
Chapter
V:
Insect
Control
http://
ipm.
ncsu.
edu/
agchem/
chptr5/
542.
pdf
3.
Insect
Answers
­
Flea
Control.
2004.
Washington
State
University
Cooperative
Extension.
Extension
Bulletin
0817.
http://
cru.
cahe.
wsu.
edu/
CEPublications/
eb0817/
eb0817.
pdf
4.
Household
Insects
and
Their
Control.
2001.
Washington
State
University
Cooperative
Extension.
EB0472.
http://
cru.
cahe.
wsu.
edu/
CEPublications/
eb0472/
eb0472.
pdf
5.
Spiders
In
and
Around
the
House.
2004.
Ohio
State
University
Extension.
HYG­
2060­
95
http://
ohioline.
osu.
edu/
hyg­
fact/
2000/
2060.
html
10
6.
Tick
Management
Handbook.
2004.
Connecticut
Agricultural
Experiment
Station.
http://
www.
caes.
state.
ct.
us/
SpecialFeatures/
TickHandbook.
pdf
7.
Tick
Control.
2004.
University
of
Delaware
Cooperative
Extension.
HYG­
13.
http:/
ag.
udel.
edu/
extension/
horticulture/
pdf/
ent/
ent­
13.
pdf
8.
House
Flies.
2004.
University
of
Delaware
Cooperative
Extension.
HYG­
30.
http://
ag.
udel.
edu/
extension/
horticulture/
pdf/
ent/
ent­
30.
pdf
9.
Stinging
Insect
Control
.
2004.
University
of
Delaware
Cooperative
Extension.
HYG­
06
http://
ag.
udel.
edu/
extension/
horticulture/
pdf/
ent/
ent­
06.
pdf
10.
Social
Bees
and
Wasps.
2005.
Purdue
University
Cooperative
Extension
Service.
http:/
www.
entm.
purdue.
edu/
entomology/
ext/
targets/
e­
series/
EseriesPDF/
E­
44.
pdf
11
APPENDIX
BIOLOGIES
OF
RESIDENTIAL
OUTDOOR
PESTS
Flying/
stinging
insects
(
wasps,
hornets,
yellowjackets,
mud
daubers)
Paper
wasps
and
hornets
­
Paper
wasps
and
hornets
are
social
insects,
living
in
colonies
containing
workers,
queens
and
males.
Colonies
are
annual
with
only
inseminated
queens
overwintering.
Fertilized
queens
occur
in
protected
places
such
as
houses
and
other
structures,
hollow
logs,
in
stumps,
under
bark,
in
leaf
litter,
in
soil
cavities,
etc.
Queens
emerge
during
the
warm
days
of
late
April
or
early
May,
select
a
nest
site
and
build
a
small
paper
nest
in
which
eggs
are
laid.
One
egg
is
laid
in
each
cell.
As
she
adds
more
cells
around
the
edge,
eggs
are
deposited.
Larvae
in
the
center
are
older
with
the
younger
larvae
further
out.
It
is
the
cells
at
the
rim
of
the
nest
which
contain
eggs.
After
eggs
hatch,
the
queen
feeds
the
young
larvae.
When
larvae
are
ready
to
pupate,
cells
are
covered
with
silk,
forming
little
domes
over
the
individual
openings.
Larvae
pupate,
emerging
later
as
small,
infertile
females
called
"
workers."
By
mid­
June,
the
first
adult
workers
emerge
and
assume
the
tasks
of
nest
expansion,
foraging
for
food,
caring
for
the
queen
and
larvae
and
defending
the
colony.
Remember
with
paper
wasps,
the
nest
is
the
work
of
a
single
female,
has
a
single
layer
or
"
tier"
of
cells
and
is
not
enclosed
by
envelopes.
In
hornets,
the
nests
usually
consist
of
a
number
of
stories
or
"
tiers,"
one
below
the
other
and
completely
enclosed
by
spherical
walls.
Each
cell
may
be
used
for
two
or
three
successive
batches
of
brood.
12
Adult
food
consists
of
nectar
or
other
sugary
solutions
such
as
honeydew
and
the
juices
of
ripe
fruits.
Paper
wasps
and
hornets
also
feed
on
bits
of
caterpillars
or
flies
that
are
caught
and
partially
chewed
before
presenting
to
their
young.
Hornets
may
be
seen
almost
any
summer
day
engaged
in
their
winged
pursuit
of
flies.

Yellowjackets
­
Yellowjackets
are
social
wasps
living
in
colonies
containing
workers,
queens
and
males.
Colonies
are
annual
with
only
inseminated
queens
overwintering.
Fertilized
queens
occur
in
protected
places
as
hollow
logs,
in
stumps,
under
bark,
in
leaf
litter,
in
soil
cavities
and
human­
made
structures.
Queens
emerge
during
the
warm
days
of
late
April
or
early
May,
select
a
nest
site
and
build
a
small
paper
nest
in
which
eggs
are
laid.
After
eggs
hatch
from
the
30
to
50
brood
cells,
the
queen
feeds
the
young
larvae
for
about
18
to
20
days.
Larvae
pupate,
emerging
later
as
small,
infertile
females
called
workers.
By
mid­
June,
the
first
adult
workers
emerge
and
assume
the
tasks
of
nest
expansion,
foraging
for
food,
care
of
the
queen
and
larvae,
and
colony
defense.
From
this
time
until
her
death
in
the
autumn,
the
queen
remains
inside
the
nest
laying
eggs.
The
colony
then
expands
rapidly
reaching
a
maximum
size
of
4,000
to
5,000
workers
and
a
nest
of
10,000
to
15,000
cells
in
August
and
late
September.
At
peak
size,
reproductive
cells
are
built
with
new
males
and
queens
produced.
Adult
reproductives
remain
in
the
nest
fed
by
the
workers.
New
queens
build
up
fat
reserves
to
overwinter.
Adult
reproductives
leave
the
parent
colony
to
mate.
After
mating,
males
quickly
die
while
fertilized
queens
seek
protected
places
to
overwinter.
Parent
colony
workers
dwindle,
usually
leaving
the
nest
and
die,
as
does
the
foundress
queen.
Abandoned
nests
rapidly
decompose
and
disintegrate
during
the
winter.
Nests
inside
structures
will
persist
as
long
as
they
are
dry.
Nests
are
not
used
again.
In
the
spring,
the
cycle
is
repeated.
(
Weather
in
the
spring
is
the
most
important
factor
in
colony
establishment.)
Although
adults
feed
primarily
on
items
rich
in
sugars
and
carbohydrates
(
fruits,
flower
nectar
and
tree
sap),
the
larvae
feed
on
proteins
(
insects,
meats,
fish,
etc.).
Adult
workers
chew
and
condition
the
meat
fed
to
the
larvae.
Larvae
in
return
secrete
a
sugar
material
relished
by
the
adults.
(
This
exchange
of
material
is
known
as
trophallaxis.)
In
late
autumn,
foraging
workers
(
nuisance
scavengers)
change
their
food
preference
from
meats
to
ripe,
decaying
fruits
since
larvae
in
the
nest
fail
to
meet
requirements
as
a
source
of
sugar.
13
Mud
daubers
­
Mud
daubers
are
often
seen
at
the
edge
of
mud
puddles
collecting
mud
to
construct
their
tublar
nests.
Organpipe
mud
dauber
nests
are
partitioned
off
with
mud
and
each
cell
is
provisioned
with
several
paralyzed
spiders
and
implanted
with
an
egg.
After
eggs
hatch,
larvae
feed
on
captured
spiders
with
larvae
maturing
in
about
three
weeks.
Larvae
spin
a
cocoon
and
overwinter.
Males
may
guard
the
nest
while
the
female
forages.
Mud
cells
may
be
constructed
in
deserted
nests
of
the
black
and
yellow
mud
dauber.

Female
black
and
yellow
mud
daubers
paralyze
spiders,
pack
them
into
the
cell
with
their
head
until
full,
lay
one
egg
and
seal
the
cell.
Larvae
are
pale
yellowish
about
3/
4
inch
long
when
fully
grown.
Pupation
occurs
within
a
cocoon
inside
the
cell.
There
are
two
broods
with
hibernation
in
the
cocoon.
Female
blue
mud
daubers
take
over
a
mud
nest,
open
a
cell
by
moistening
the
clay
with
water
and
emptying
it
of
spiders
and
the
other
wasp
egg.
They
then
deposit
their
own
paralyzed
spiders,
lay
their
own
egg
and
seal
over
the
cell.
Hosts
are
mostly
black
widow
spiders.

Solitary
wasps
(
mud
daubers)
are
very
different
than
the
social
wasps
(
hornets,
yellowjackets
and
paper
wasps).
There
is
no
worker
caste
and
the
queens
must
care
for
their
own
young.
Mud
dauber
wasp
queens
use
their
sting
to
paralyze
their
prey
(
spiders)
rather
than
to
defend
their
nests.

Ticks
­
Ticks
have
a
four­
stage
life
cycle.
The
egg
hatches
into
a
six­
legged
larva,
or
seed
tick.
After
a
blood
meal,
the
larva
molts
(
sheds
its
skin)
and
becomes
an
eight­
legged
nymph.
After
another
blood
meal,
the
nymph
molts
and
becomes
an
adult.
The
adult
female
then
attaches
to
a
warm­
blooded
animal,
engorges
on
blood,
mates,
leaves
the
host
animal,
deposits
several
thousand
eggs
and
dies.
Adults
can
live
a
year
or
more
without
feeding,
but
they
must
feed
before
mating.

The
American
dog
tick
is
widely
distributed
east
of
the
Rocky
Mountains
and
on
the
Pacific
coast.
Dogs
are
the
preferred
host
of
the
adult
tick,
but
humans
and
many
other
animals
are
frequently
attacked.
Because
larvae
and
nymphs
prefer
to
feed
on
mice,
rats
and
rabbits,
this
tick
does
not
become
established
as
a
household
pest.
The
American
dog
tick
is
responsible
for
spreading
Rocky
Mountain
spotted
fever.
14
The
brown
dog
tick
differs
from
the
American
dog
tick
primarily
in
its
feeding
habits.
It
feeds
almost
exclusively
on
dogs
and
rarely
attacks
humans.
In
all
stages
it
is
commonly
found
on
the
ears,
the
back
of
the
neck,
and
between
the
toes
of
dogs.
After
feeding,
the
ticks
drop
off
the
host
and
conceal
themselves
in
any
available
crack
or
crevice.
Because
of
their
strong
tendency
to
climb,
they
are
often
found
on
furniture
and
behind
window
frames
and
moldings.

A
smaller
tick
known
as
the
deer
tick
has
been
found
on
humans
and
pets.
It
is
associated
with
areas
supporting
large
rodent
rodents
as
well
as
deer.
Although
smaller
than
the
dog
tick,
its
bite
is
painful
because
its
mouth
parts
have
tiny
barbs
to
anchor
it
securely.
The
barbs
make
removal
difficult;
they
often
remain
in
the
skin,
causing
local
infection.
This
tick
is
a
carrier
of
a
Lyme
disease
pathogen
that
causes
arthritis­
type
symptoms
and,
if
not
treated,
can
affect
the
liver,
heart,
and
lungs.

Fleas
­
Fleas
pass
through
a
complete
life
cycle
consisting
of
egg,
larva,
pupa
and
adult.
A
typical
flea
population
consists
of
50
percent
eggs,
35
percent
larvae,
10
percent
pupae
and
5
percent
adults.
Completion
of
the
life
cycle
from
egg
to
adult
varies
from
two
weeks
to
eight
months
depending
on
the
temperature,
humidity,
food,
and
species.
Normally
after
a
blood
meal,
the
female
flea
lays
about
15
to
20
eggs
per
day
up
to
600
in
a
lifetime
usually
on
the
host
(
dogs,
cats,
rats,
rabbits,
mice,
squirrels,
chipmunks,
raccoons,
opossums,
foxes,
chickens,
humans,
etc.).
Eggs
loosely
laid
in
the
hair
coat,
drop
out
most
anywhere
especially
where
the
host
rests,
sleeps
or
nests
(
rugs,
carpets,
upholstered
furniture,
cat
or
dog
boxes,
kennels,
sand
boxes,
etc.).
Outdoor
development
occurs
in
sandy
gravel
soils
(
moist
sand
boxes,
dirt
crawlspace
under
the
house,
under
shrubs,
etc.)
where
the
pet
may
rest
or
sleep.
Sand
and
gravel
are
very
suitable
for
larval
development
which
is
the
reason
fleas
are
erroneously
called
"
sand
fleas."

Larvae
are
blind,
avoid
light,
pass
through
three
larval
instars
and
take
a
week
to
several
months
to
develop.
Their
food
consists
of
digested
blood
from
adult
flea
feces,
dead
skin,
hair,
feathers,
and
other
organic
debris.
(
Larvae
do
not
suck
blood.)
Pupa
mature
to
adulthood
within
a
silken
cocoon
woven
by
the
larva
to
which
pet
hair,
carpet
fiber,
dust,
grass
cuttings,
and
other
debris
adheres.
In
about
five
to
fourteen
days,
adult
fleas
emerge
or
may
remain
resting
in
the
cocoon
until
the
detection
of
vibration
(
pet
and
people
movement),
pressure
(
host
animal
lying
down
on
them),
heat,
noise,
or
carbon
dioxide
(
meaning
a
potential
blood
source
is
near).
Most
fleas
overwinter
in
the
larval
or
pupal
stage
with
survival
and
growth
best
during
warm,
moist
winters
and
spring.
15
Adult
fleas
cannot
survive
or
lay
eggs
without
a
blood
meal,
but
may
live
from
two
months
to
one
year
without
feeding.
Newly
emerged
adult
fleas
live
only
about
one
week
if
a
blood
meal
is
not
obtained.
However,
completely
developed
adult
fleas
can
live
for
several
months
without
eating,
so
long
as
they
do
not
emerge
from
their
puparia.
Optimum
temperatures
for
the
flea's
life
cycle
are
70
°
F
to
85
°
F
and
optimum
humidity
is
70
percent.
The
cat
flea
is
the
most
common
flea
in
Ohio
which
feeds
on
a
wide
range
of
hosts.

Flies
­
House
fly
adults
have
mouthparts
which
are
adapted
for
sponging
up
liquids.
They
cannot
bite,
but
a
similarappearing
stable
fly
can
bite.
Flies
ingest
only
liquid
food.
They
feed
on
solid
food
by
regurgitating
saliva
onto
it.
The
saliva
liquefies
the
solid
material,
which
is
then
sponged
up
with
the
proboscis.
They
require
water
since
they
continually
salivate
and
void
liquids.
Fly
specks
seen
on
surfaces
visited
by
house
flies
are
the
excreted
wastes.

Female
house
flies
deposit
their
eggs
in
decaying
matter
such
as
grass
clippings,
garbage,
and
human
and
animal
excrement.
Horse
manure
is
the
preferred
breeding
medium.
Each
female
deposits
about
100­
150
eggs
on
appropriate
food.
Eggs
can
hatch
in
7
1/
2
hours
when
temperatures
are
high
(
about
99
degrees
F),
or
it
can
take
up
to
2
days
in
lower
temperature.

Eggs
hatch
into
larval
maggot
stage.
Maggots
lack
definite
heads,
eyes,
antennae,
and
legs.
Their
bodies
are
pointed
at
the
front
end
and
gradually
widen
at
the
rear.
Fly
maggots
feed
on
the
material
in
which
the
eggs
were
depostited.

Following
three
larval
molts,
mature
larvae
stop
feeding
and
burrow
into
drier
surrounding
areas,
where
they
pupate.
The
pupa
is
a
chestnut
brown,
oval
object
within
which
the
larva
changes
into
an
adult
house
fly.
Adults
mate
within
one
to
two
days
after
emerging
from
their
pupal
cases.
The
life
cycle
from
egg
to
adult
can
happen
in
as
little
as
one
week,
but
typically
it
takes
three
weeks.

House
flies
normally
live
about
2
1/
2
weeks
during
the
summer,
but
they
can,
at
lower
temperatures,
survive
up
to
3
months.
Some
overwinter
outdoors
in
protected
locations,
or
in
crevices
in
buildings.
Flies
normally
stay
within
1/
2
mile
to
2
miles
from
their
point
of
origin,
but
some
have
been
known
to
travel
as
far
as
20
miles
to
find
food
and
a
place
to
lay
eggs.
16
Ants
­
Ants
form
colonies
or
nests
where
queens
remain.
Most
ant
species
have
only
one
queen
per
nest.
Queens
may
live
from
1
to
15
years
and
produce
many
thousands
of
eggs.
Transparent,
white,
soft­
bodied,
legless
larvae,
or
maggot­
like
grubs,
hatch
from
the
eggs.
These
larvae,
along
with
the
queen,
are
fed
by
worker
ants
(
foragers).
Larvae
pass
through
several
stages
(
instars)
before
pupation
and
adulthood
is
reached.
The
larvae
molt
between
each
stage.
The
majority
of
the
larvae
develop
into
workers;
a
few
develop
into
winged
males
(
kings)
and
females
(
queens).
At
certain
times
during
the
year
(
usually
early
spring
and
late
summer),
varying
with
the
species,
these
winged
ants
leave
the
nest
and
swarm.
Females
and
males
mate
and
the
males
die
soon
after.
The
mated
female
(
queen)
flies
to
an
attractive
nesting
site,
tears
off
her
wings,
encloses
herself
in
a
small
excavation
in
the
soil,
and
lays
eggs.
She
feeds
and
cares
for
the
first
generation
of
progeny
until
they
are
mature
adults.
After
that
they,
and
succeeding
generations,
care
for
the
queen.
She
remains
in
the
nest
and
continues
to
produce
eggs
to
maintain
or
increase
the
colony
for
the
rest
of
her
life.

Spiders
­
Unpopular
as
they
are,
most
spiders
are
shy
and
harmless
to
humans.
Most
have
fangs
too
small
or
weak
to
puncture
human
skin.
They
usually
will
not
attempt
to
bite
unless
accidentally
trapped
or
held.
Most
are
quite
beneficial
by
feeding
on
harmful
insects
(
flies,
crickets,
etc.)
and
mites
in
and
around
the
home,
yard,
garden
and
field.
Wholesale
destruction
of
spiders
should
be
avoided,
if
possible.
Some
southern
states
not
only
tolerate
spiders
but
encourage
them
to
inhabit
the
house
as
an
aid
in
nuisance
insect
control.

Spiders
lay
eggs
within
a
silken
egg
sac
that
is
often
ball­
shaped
and
either
hidden
in
the
web
or
carried
by
the
female.
Spiders
may
produce
several
egg
sacs,
each
containing
several
hundred
eggs.
One
female
may
produce
as
many
as
3,000
eggs
in
a
series
of
several
sacs
over
a
period
of
time.
Eggs
may
hatch
a
few
weeks
later
(
three
weeks
or
the
following
spring)
and
reach
adulthood
in
one
year.
For
a
spider
to
grow,
it
must
shed
its
skin
(
molt)
usually
four
to
twelve
times
before
maturity.
Most
spiders
live
either
one
to
two
seasons.
Some
spiders
may
overwinter
as
eggs,
spiderlings
in
the
egg
sac,
immature
spiders
living
outside
the
egg
sac,
or
as
adults.

Spiders
which
may
commonly
be
encountered
in
the
perimeter
of
a
house
are;
house
spider
(
cobweb
spider),
sac
spiders,
Cellar
spider
(
Daddy­
Long­
Legs
Spider),
and
harvestmen
(
not
considered
spiders
but
closely
resembling
cellar
spiders).
Occasional
spiders
may
include
ground
spiders
(
wolf
spider),
crab
spiders,
and
jumping
spiders.
