Fax­
on­
Demand
Telephone:
(
202)
401­
0527
Item
No.:

Pesticide
Registration
(
PR)
Notice
2001­
5
NOTICE
TO
MANUFACTURERS,
FORMULATORS,
PRODUCERS
AND
REGISTRANTS
OF
PESTICIDE
PRODUCTS
ATTENTION:
Persons
Responsible
for
Registration
of
Pesticide
Products
SUBJECT:
Guidance
for
Pesticide
Registrants
on
Pesticide
Resistance
Management
Labeling
The
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
(
OPP)
of
the
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(
EPA)
announces
purely
voluntary
pesticide
resistance
management
labeling
guidelines
based
on
mode/
target
site
of
action
for
agricultural
uses
of
herbicides,
fungicides,
bactericides,
insecticides,
and
acaricides.
This
document
provides
acceptable
schemes
of
classification
of
pesticides
according
to
their
mode/
target
site
of
action
(
Appendices
I­
III),
a
standard
format
for
showing
group
identification
symbols
on
the
end­
use
product
labels,
and
examples
of
resistance
management
labeling
in
the
use
directions.
These
guidelines
are
the
result
of
a
joint
effort
of
the
U.
S.
and
Canada
under
the
North
American
Free
Trade
Agreement
(
NAFTA).

I.
Scope
The
mode/
target
site
of
action
symbols
and
pesticide
resistance
management
labeling
statements
described
in
this
Pesticide
Registration
(
PR)
notice
are
voluntary.
This
PR
Notice
is
directed
to
Registrants
of
herbicide,
fungicide,
bactericide,
insecticide,
and
acaricide
products
that
are
intended
for
general
agricultural
use,
including
both
new
products
and
old
(
existing)
products
and
is
not
mandatory.
EPA
does
not
expect
to
require
the
use
of
this
labeling
in
any
individual
licensing
proceeding.
However,
EPA
believes
that
this
approach
to
resistance
management
is
sound
and
would
be
highly
beneficial
to
pesticide
manufacturers
and
pesticide
users.
EPA
is
hopeful
that
Registrants
will
embrace
this
approach
and
work
with
EPA
to
implement
it
for
all
relevant
products.
EPA
believes
this
approach
is
an
important
element
of
international
harmonization.
1Common
mechanism
of
toxicity
for
purposes
of
cumulative
human
health
risk
assessment
under
FFDCA
is
described
in
detail
in
EPA's
guidance
document
"
Guidance
for
identifying
pesticide
chemicals
and
other
substances
that
have
a
common
mechanism
of
toxicity"
located
at
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
fedrgstr/
EPA­
PEST/
1999/
February/
Day­
05/
6055.
pdf.

2
II.
Introduction
The
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(
EPA)
and
the
Pest
Management
Regulatory
Agency
of
Canada
(
PMRA)
are
committed
to
long­
term
pest
resistance
management
through
pesticide
resistance
management
and
alternative
pest
management
strategies.
Under
the
auspices
of
the
North
American
Free
Trade
Agreement
(
NAFTA),
the
U.
S.
and
Canada
have
joined
together
to
develop
and
publish
guidelines
for
voluntary
pesticide
resistance
management
labeling
for
implementation
in
North
America.
The
development
of
these
guidelines
is
part
of
the
activities
of
the
Risk
Reduction
Subcommittee
of
the
NAFTA
Technical
Working
Group
on
Pesticides.
A
uniform
approach
across
North
America
will
help
reduce
the
development
of
pest
resistance
and
support
joint
registration
decisions
by
providing
consistency
in
resistance
management
labeling
being
considered
for
approval
in
any
or
all
of
the
NAFTA
countries.

Pesticide
resistance
is
defined
for
the
purposes
of
this
document
as
an
heritable
and
significant
decrease
in
the
sensitivity
of
a
pest
population
to
a
pesticide
that
is
shown
to
reduce
the
field
performance
of
pesticides.
Pests
covered
by
this
initiative
include
insects,
mites,
weeds,
and
fungi
and
bacteria
which
cause
plant
disease.
The
management
of
pesticide
resistance
development
is
an
important
part
of
sustainable
pest
management
and
this,
in
conjunction
with
alternative
pest
management
strategies
and
Integrated
Pest
Management
(
IPM)
programs,
can
make
significant
contributions
to
reducing
risks
to
humans
and
the
environment.
In
support
of
these
goals,
the
purpose
of
this
document
is
to
provide
guidance
on
resistance
management
labeling
based
on
mode/
target
site
of
action
to
Registrants.
A
consequence
of
this
PR
notice
will
be
to
provide
guidance
to
users
about
pesticide
resistance
management
strategies
based
on
mode/
target
site
of
action.

Pesticides
are
important
pest
management
tools.
Many
pesticides
have
gradually
lost
their
effectiveness
due
to
the
development
of
resistance
by
pests
they
once
controlled.
An
important
pesticide
resistance
management
strategy
is
to
avoid
the
repeated
use
of
a
particular
pesticide,
or
pesticides
that
have
a
similar
target
site
of
action
as
the
pest
control
mechanism
in
the
same
field.
Mode/
target
site
of
action
refers
to
the
biochemical
mechanism
by
which
the
pesticide
acts
on
the
pest
and
should
not
be
interpreted
to
imply
that
these
chemicals
share
a
common
mechanism
for
purposes
of
cumulative
human
health
risk
assessment
under
the
Federal
Insecticide,
Fungicide,
and
Rodenticide
Act
(
FIFRA)
and
Federal
Food
Drug
and
Cosmetics
Act
(
FFDCA)
as
amended
by
the
Food
Quality
and
Protection
Act
of
August
3,
19961.
One
pest
control
strategy
is
rotating
pesticides
and/
or
using
tank
mixtures
or
premixes
with
different
mode/
target
sites
of
action.
This
will
delay
the
onset
of
resistance,
3
as
well
as
slow
the
development
and
subsequent
buildup
of
resistance,
without
resorting
to
increased
rates
and
frequency
of
application,
and
ultimately,
will
prolong
the
useful
life
of
many
pesticides.

A
resistance
management
strategy
should
also
consider
cross­
resistance
between
pesticides
with
different
modes/
target
sites
of
action.
Pests
may
develop
cross­
resistance
to
pesticides
based
on
mode/
target
site
of
action.
This
voluntary
labeling
initiative
will
provide
pesticide
users
with
easy
access
to
important
information
regarding
pesticide
mode/
target
site
of
action,
the
cornerstone
of
most
resistance
management
programs.

To
ensure
consistency
in
pesticide
grouping
and
labeling,
and
to
contribute
to
the
management
of
the
pesticide
resistance
problem,
the
following
guidelines
have
been
developed
for
agricultural
uses
of
herbicides,
fungicides,
bactericides,
insecticides,
and
acaricides.
The
following
classification
schemes
are
based
on
mode/
target
site
of
action.

III.
Presentation
and
Format
of
Resistance
Management
Information
on
Pesticide
Labels
The
use
of
target
site
of
action
symbols
and
pesticide
resistance
management
statements
in
this
PR
Notice
is
voluntary.
Canada
and
Australia
have
adopted
color
schemes
that
are
consistent
across
target
site
of
action
groupings.
The
Canadian
system
is
voluntary
and
is
analogous
to
the
guidelines
presented
by
EPA.
The
Australian
system
is
mandatory.
If
the
approach
described
here
is
used,
the
following
format
and
presentation
are
recommended.

A.
Mode/
Target
Site
of
Action
Grouping
and
Identification
Symbol
Herbicides,
fungicides,
bactericides,
insecticides,
and
acaricides
are
separately
grouped
according
to
their
mode/
target
site
of
action
by
various
technical/
research
committees
consisting
of
representatives
of
the
pesticide
industry,
researchers,
extension
specialists
and
regulatory
officials.
The
Agency
based
its
mode/
target
site
of
action
groupings
on
those
previously
defined
by
the
following
industry
technical
committees:
Herbicide
Resistance
Action
Committee
(
HRAC),
Fungicide
Resistance
Action
Committee
(
FRAC),
and
Insecticide
Resistance
Action
Committee
(
IRAC).
Information
on
each
of
these
organizations,
the
mode/
target
site
of
action
groups,
and
recommended
resistance
management
strategies
may
be
found
at
the
following
web
site:
http://
www.
gcpf.
org.
Additional
guidance
for
herbicides
was
provided
by
the
Weed
Science
Society
of
America
(
WSSA).
The
WSSA
and
HRAC
have
sponsored
Dr.
Ian
Heap
to
set
up
a
web
site
dedicated
to
ongoing
surveys
of
herbicide
resistance
world­
wide:
http://
www.
weedscience.
com.
This
web
site
includes
information
on
identifying
mode/
target
site
of
action
for
each
herbicide
using
both
the
HRAC
alphabetic
classification
system
and
the
WSSA
numerical
classification
system
that
is
currently
in
use
by
Canada
and
will
be
used
by
EPA.
The
target
site
of
action
groups
plus
the
identifier
numbers
for
herbicides,
fungicides/
bactericides,
and
insecticides/
acaricides
are
located
in
Appendix
I,
II
and
III,
respectively.

If
used,
the
target
site
of
action
identification
symbol
should
be
shown
on
all
end­
use
product
4
labels
(
except
products
for
homeowner/
residential
uses)
in
a
standard
format
as
outlined
below,
and
should:

1.
be
located
in
the
upper
right
quadrant
of
the
front
panel
surrounded
by
a
black
(
or
suitable
color)
rectangle,
but
should
not
conflict
with
the
required
placement
of
any
other
front
panel
element;

2.
be
in
black
and
on
a
white
background
(
or
other
suitable
contrasting
colors)
except
the
target
site
of
action
number(
s)
which
should
be
white
on
a
black
background
with
a
clear
white
gap
(
or
other
suitable
contrasting
colors)
between
the
target
site
of
action
numbers;
and
3.
include
the
words
"
GROUP"
and
"
HERBICIDE"
(
or
"
FUNGICIDE"
or
"
INSECTICIDE")
in
capital
letters,
and
between
these
words
the
number(
s)
representing
the
target
site
of
action
group(
s)
of
each
active
ingredient(
s).
Where
a
product
has
two
or
more
active
ingredients,
and
these
are
represented
by
two
or
more
sites
of
action,
then
two
or
more
appropriate
target
site
of
action
identifier
numbers
should
be
used.
For
products
containing
an
active
ingredient
that
has
multiple
sites
of
action,
the
letter
"
M"
should
be
used
to
represent
the
target
site
of
action
group.
Alternatively,
if
sites
of
action
are
known,
the
label
should
specify
each
target
site
of
action
by
the
appropriate
number.

Example
1:
Product
containing
one
active
ingredient
represented
by
one
target
site
of
action.

GROUP
1
HERBICIDE
Example
2:
Product
containing
two
or
more
active
ingredients
represented
by
two
or
more
target
sites
of
action.

GROUP
1
2
3
HERBICIDES
Example
3:
Pre­
mixture
of
a
fungicide
and
an
insecticide.

GROUP
1
FUNGICIDE
GROUP
2
INSECTICIDE
5
B.
Resistance
Management
Statements
Use
of
the
resistance
management
statements
described
below
is
voluntary.
If
used,
these
statements
should
be
included
in
the
general
use
directions
for
end­
use
products
(
except
products
for
homeowner/
residential
uses)
for
the
control
of
weeds,
plant
pathogens
(
diseases),
insects
and
mites
under
the
heading
"
Resistance
Management
Recommendations."
The
section
"
Resistance
Management
Recommendations"
should
be
segregated
under
the
"
General"
portion
of
the
"
Use
Directions"
and
preferably
boxed
to
distinguish
these
statements
from
mandatory
statements
on
the
pesticide
label.

The
examples
of
standard
resistance
management
labeling
statements
listed
below
provide
a
general
framework
of
actions
that
have
been
noted
to
be
useful
in
mitigating
pest
resistance
and
should
be
used
as
appropriate.
The
development
and
use
of
specific
resistance
management
strategies
and
labeling
statements
should
be
developed
on
the
basis
of
scientific
data
on
a
product/
class
specific
basis
based
on
the
pesticide
product/
class,
crop,
and
pest(
s)
combination
and
the
use
history
for
the
pesticide
and
crop/
pest(
s)
combination.
These
strategies
and
labeling
statements
should
be
included
in
any
product­
specific
literature.
Efforts
should
be
made
to
include
all
appropriate
active
ingredients
and
products.
In
addition
to
known
pest
resistance
to
(
a)
pesticide(
s),
appropriate
resistance
management
labeling
language
should
be
provided
for
situations
in
which
pest
resistance
has
not
occurred
to
a
given
pesticide
product
or
to
a
given
pesticide
class,
but
is
part
of
a
good
pesticide
stewardship
program
to
delay
the
onset
of
pest
resistance.

1.
Herbicides
The
following
general
herbicide
resistance
management
labeling
statements
may
be
applicable.

"(
Name
of
product)
is
a
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicide.
Any
weed
population
may
contain
or
develop
plants
naturally
resistant
to
(
name
of
product)
and
other
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicides.
Weed
species
with
acquired
resistance
to
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
may
eventually
dominate
the
weed
population
if
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicides
are
used
repeatedly
in
the
same
field
or
in
successive
years
as
the
primary
method
of
control
for
targeted
species.
This
may
result
in
partial
or
total
loss
of
control
of
those
species
by
(
name
of
product)
or
other
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicides."

"
To
delay
herbicide
resistance
consider:

°
Avoiding
the
consecutive
use
of
(
name
of
product)
or
other
target
site
of
action
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicides
that
6
have
a
similar
target
site
of
action,
on
the
same
weed
species.

°
Using
tank­
mixtures
or
premixes
with
herbicides
from
different
target
site
of
action
Groups
as
long
as
the
involved
products
are
all
registered
for
the
same
use,
have
different
sites
of
action,
and
are
both
effective
at
the
tank
mix
or
prepack
rate
on
the
weed(
s)
of
concern.

°
Basing
herbicide
use
on
a
comprehensive
IPM
program.

°
Monitoring
treated
weed
populations
for
loss
of
field
efficacy.

°
Contacting
your
local
extension
specialist,
certified
crop
advisors,
and/
or
manufacturer
for
herbicide
resistance
management
and/
or
integrated
weed
management
recommendations
for
specific
crops
and
resistant
weed
biotypes."

If
available
to
company,
consider
including:
°
"
For
further
information
or
to
report
suspected
resistance,
you
may
contact
(
company
representatives)
at
toll
free
number:
________
or
at
Internet
site:
."

Note:
The
above
are
general
statements
for
products
containing
one
or
more
active
ingredients
from
the
same
target
site
of
action
group,
e.
g.,
tank
mixes
and
premix
products.
For
products
containing
two
or
more
active
ingredients
from
different
target
site
of
action
groups,
the
following
general
statements
may
be
applicable.
For
example:

"(
Name
of
product)
is
both
a
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and
a
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicide.
Any
weed
population
may
contain
or
develop
plants
naturally
resistant
to
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicides.
Weed
species
with
acquired
resistance
to
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicides
may
eventually
dominate
the
weed
population
if
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicides
are
used
repeatedly
in
the
same
field
or
in
successive
years
as
the
primary
method
of
control
for
targeted
species.
This
may
result
in
partial
or
total
loss
of
control
of
those
species
by
(
name
of
product)
or
other
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
herbicides."
[
Follow
with
resistance
management
7
labeling
statements.]

2.
Fungicides
and
Bactericides
The
following
general
fungicide/
bactericide
resistance
management
labeling
statements
may
be
applicable.

"(
Name
of
product)
contains
a
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
(
fungicide/
bactericide).
Fungal
isolates/
bacterial
strains
with
acquired
resistance
to
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
may
eventually
dominate
the
fungal/
bacterial
population
if
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
fungicides/
bactericides
are
used
repeatedly
in
the
same
field
or
in
successive
years
as
the
primary
method
of
control
for
targeted
species.
This
may
result
in
partial
or
total
loss
of
control
of
those
species
by
(
name
of
product)
or
other
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)."

"
To
delay
fungicide/
bactericide
resistance
consider:

°
Avoiding
the
consecutive
use
of
(
name
of
product)
or
other
target
site
of
action
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
fungicides/
bactericides
that
have
a
similar
target
site
of
action,
on
the
same
pathogens.

°
Using
tank­
mixtures
or
premixes
with
fungicide/
bactericides
from
different
target
site
of
action
Groups
as
long
as
the
involved
products
are
all
registered
for
the
same
use
and
are
both
effective
at
the
tank
mix
or
prepack
rate
on
the
pathogen(
s)
of
concern.

°
Basing
fungicide/
bactericide
use
on
a
comprehensive
IPM
program.

°
Monitoring
treated
fungal/
bacterial
populations
for
loss
of
field
efficacy.

°
Contacting
your
local
extension
specialist,
certified
crop
advisors,
and/
or
manufacturer
for
fungicide/
bactericide
resistance
management
and/
or
IPM
recommendations
for
specific
crops
and
resistant
pathogens."

If
available
to
company,
consider
including:
°
"
For
further
information
or
to
report
suspected
resistance,
you
may
contact
(
company
representatives)
at
toll
free
number:
________
or
at
Internet
site:
."
8
Note:
The
above
are
general
statements
for
products
containing
one
or
more
active
ingredients
from
the
same
target
site
of
action
group,
e.
g.,
tank
mixes
and
premix
products.
For
products
containing
two
or
more
active
ingredients
from
different
target
site
of
action
groups,
the
following
general
statements
may
be
applicable.
For
example:

"(
Name
of
product)
contains
both
a
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
fungicide/
bactericide.
Fungal
isolates/
bacterial
strains
with
acquired
resistance
to
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
may
eventually
dominate
the
fungal/
bacterial
population
if
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
fungicides/
bactericides
are
used
repeatedly
in
the
same
field
or
in
successive
years
as
the
primary
method
of
control
for
targeted
species.
This
may
result
in
partial
or
total
loss
of
control
of
those
species
by
(
name
of
product)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
fungicides/
bactericides."
[
Follow
with
resistance
management
labeling
statements.]

3.
Insecticides
and
Acaricides
The
following
general
insecticide/
acaricide
resistance
management
labeling
statements
may
be
applicable.

"(
Name
of
product)
contains
a
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
insecticide
(
or
acaricide).
Insect/
mite
biotypes
with
acquired
resistance
to
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
may
eventually
dominate
the
insect/
mite
population
if
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
insecticides/
acaricides
are
used
repeatedly
in
the
same
field
or
in
successive
years
as
the
primary
method
of
control
for
targeted
species.
This
may
result
in
partial
or
total
loss
of
control
of
those
species
by
(
name
of
product)
or
other
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)."

"
To
delay
insecticide
(
or
acaricide)
resistance
consider:

°
Avoiding
the
consecutive
use
of
(
name
of
product)
or
other
group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
insecticides/
acaricides
that
have
a
similar
target
site
of
action,
on
the
same
insect/
mite
species.

°
Using
tank­
mixtures
or
premixes
with
insecticides/
acaricides
from
a
9
different
target
site
of
action
Group
as
long
as
the
involved
products
are
all
registered
for
the
same
use
and
have
different
sites
of
action.

°
Basing
insecticide/
acaricide
use
on
a
comprehensive
IPM
program.

°
Monitoring
treated
insect/
mite
populations
for
loss
of
field
efficacy.

°
Contacting
your
local
extension
specialist,
certified
crop
advisors,
and/
or
manufacturer
for
insecticide/
acaricide
resistance
management
and/
or
IPM
recommendations
for
the
specific
site
and
resistant
pest
problems."

If
available
to
company,
consider
including:
°
"
For
further
information
or
to
report
suspected
resistance,
you
may
contact
(
company
representatives)
at
toll
free
number:
________
or
at
Internet
site:
."

Note:
The
above
are
general
statements
for
products
containing
one
or
more
active
ingredients
from
the
same
group,
e.
g.,
tank
mixes
and
premix
products.
For
products
containing
two
or
more
active
ingredients
from
different
groups,
the
following
general
statements
may
be
applicable.
For
example:

"(
Name
of
product)
contains
both
a
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
insecticides/
acaricides.
Insect/
mite
population(
s)
with
acquired
resistance
to
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
may
eventually
dominate
the
insect/
mite
population
if
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
insecticides/
acaricides
are
used
repeatedly
in
the
same
field
or
in
successive
years
as
the
primary
method
of
control
for
targeted
species.
This
may
result
in
partial
or
total
loss
of
control
of
those
species
by
(
name
of
product)
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)
and/
or
Group
(
target
site
of
action
group
number)."
[
Follow
with
resistance
management
labeling
statements.]

4.
Pesticides
of
Unspecified
Groups
or
Pesticides
Without
History
of
Resistance
Some
herbicides,
fungicides,
bactericides,
insecticides,
and
acaricides
have
not
been
assigned
to
any
particular
target
site
of
action
group,
or
are
not
on
the
lists
in
this
10
document
because
of
the
lack
of
clear
understanding
of
their
target
site
of
action
or
the
absence
of
a
history
of
resistance
development
for
the
product,
e.
g.,
nematicides.
Also,
in
general,
herbicides
with
an
unknown
target
site
of
action
and/
or
multiple
sites
of
action
historically
have
been
less
prone
to
the
development
of
weed
resistance.

Registrants
are
encouraged
to
establish
the
appropriate
group
identifications
for
their
products
in
consultation
with
representatives
of
the
pesticide
industry,
technical
working
groups
such
as
the
WSSA,
IRAC,
FRAC,
HRAC,
researchers,
extension
specialists,
crop
consultants,
and
regulatory
officials.
Appropriate
resistance
management
statements
for
the
product,
i.
e.,
herbicides,
fungicides,
bactericides,
insecticides,
and/
or
acaricides,
should
be
developed
similar
to
those
described
above.

IV.
Addition
or
Changes
to
Target
Site
of
Action
Lists
The
pesticide
lists
will
be
updated
from
time
to
time
(
approximately
annually)
to
include
product
names
and/
or
new/
revised
target
site
of
action
classification.
This
will
be
done
in
consultation
with
WSSA,
IRAC,
HRAC,
and
FRAC
and
other
appropriate
organizations.
Updated
lists
will
be
posted
on
the
Office
of
Pesticide
Program's
home
page.
Hard
copies
will
be
made
available
from
the
Agency
upon
request.

V.
Implementation
The
implementation
of
this
program
is
purely
voluntary
by
the
pesticide
industry
and
is
part
of
a
NAFTA
labeling
harmonization
effort
on
pesticide
resistance
management
with
Canada.
Canada's
guidelines,
Regulatory
Directive
DIR99­
06,
for
voluntary
pesticide
resistance
management
labeling
were
finalized,
October
6,
1999.
Canada
has
set
a
target
date
of
January
1,
2004
for
implementation
of
its
pesticide
resistance
management
labeling
guidelines.
As
part
of
the
Agency's
harmonization
efforts
on
pesticide
resistance
management
labeling
with
Canada,
Registrants
are
encouraged
to
add
the
resistance
management
grouping
symbols
and
statements
to
product
labels
in
a
similar
time
frame.
Registration
and
reregistration
approval
will
not
be
contingent
on
inclusion
of
either
the
resistance
management
labeling
statements
or
the
mode/
target
site
of
action
classification.
However,
in
view
of
the
importance
of
resistance
management
to
a
long­
term
pest
management
strategy,
the
EPA
will
evaluate
the
industry's
implementation
of
resistance
management
labeling.
The
process
for
how
to
change
labels
is
described
in
Section
VI.

Resistance
management
strategies
are
not
requirements
for
the
user,
even
if
the
product
bears
resistance
management
statements
or
the
mode/
target
site
of
action
classification.
Failure
to
follow
the
recommended
resistance
management
strategies
on
the
labeling
is
not
regarded
by
EPA
as
a
misuse
of
the
product.
11
VI.
How
to
Change
Labels
No
registrant
will
be
required
to
add
resistance
management
statements
or
appropriate
mode/
target
site
of
action
classification
to
the
product
label.
Because
pesticide
resistance
management
is
important,
though,
EPA
encourages
Registrants
to
include
both
the
resistance
management
statements
and
the
mode/
target
site
of
action
classification
on
the
product
label
whenever
submitting
new
or
revised
labeling
to
the
Agency
for
registration
or
reregistration.
In
order
to
make
it
easy
for
Registrants
to
add
resistance
management
statements
and
the
target
site
of
action
classification
to
their
product
labels,
and
because
so
many
products
may
be
affected,
EPA
will
permit
the
statements
and
the
target
site
of
action
classification
to
be
added
by
notification.

Registrants
who
wish
to
add
the
appropriate
mode/
target
site
of
action
classification
and
the
resistance
management
statements
may
do
so
by
notification
to
the
Agency,
provided
that:

1.
The
statements
as
worded
and
the
appropriate
mode/
target
site
of
action
classification
as
stated
in
this
notice
are
used.
The
resistance
management
statements
and
mode/
target
site
of
action
classification
system
in
this
notice
have
been
developed
in
conjunction
with
international
efforts
including
industry/
academic
technical
working
groups,
and
Registrants
are
urged
to
consider
adopting
it
as
written.

OR
2.
Similarly
worded
statements
are
used.
EPA
recognizes
that
Registrants
may
wish
to
use
wording
of
their
own
development
or
more
specific
resistance
management
strategies.
Therefore,
EPA
will
permit
the
addition
of
similarly
worded
statement
also
by
notification.
Wording
may
be
varied
to
accommodate
the
needs
of
the
individual
products.
However,
the
following
information
is
considered
important
to
user
understanding,
and
EPA
strongly
encourages
Registrants
to
include
the
following
points
in
their
statements
(
in
addition
to
the
mode/
target
site
of
action
Group
classification
on
the
front
panel):

a.
The
product
is
classified
in
one
or
more
listed
mode/
target
site
of
action
Groups;

b.
The
target
pest
species
may
develop
natural
resistance
to
the
pesticide
product
and
resistant
species
may
become
dominant
in
any
given
field
situation
if
the
product
is
used
repeatedly;

c.
If
resistance
develops,
the
product
may
lose
effectiveness
in
controlling
the
pest
species.

d.
Effective
resistance
management
can
delay
resistance:

Avoid
repeated
or
sequential
use
of
products
in
the
same
Group;
Use
tank
mixes
or
premixes
from
a
different
Group;
12
Use
an
effective
IPM
program;
Monitor
[
pest,
weed,
insect,
etc.]
populations
for
loss
of
efficacy;
Contact
your
extension
specialist,
certified
crop
consultant,
or
manufacturer
for
the
latest
resistance
management
information;
Contact
the
producer
to
report
loss
of
efficacy.

EPA
emphasizes
that
the
recommended
resistance
management
statements
and
mode/
target
site
of
action
Group
classification
number
are
not
mandatory
for
users,
but
provide
information
and
guidance
that
will
benefit
users.
Registrants
are
strongly
encouraged
to
use
the
mode/
target
site
of
action
classification
system
and
to
use
a
heading
such
as
"
Resistance
Management
Recommendations"
and
to
clearly
segregate
the
information
from
mandatory
use
instructions
by
presentation,
such
as
by
boxing
the
statements.
This
will
ensure
that
users
are
fully
informed
about
resistance
management,
while
making
clear
that
compliance
is
not
required.

EPA
will
work
with
existing
pesticide
education
efforts
that
will
be
used
to
implement
the
guidance
of
this
PR
notice
such
as
the
WSSA
extension
committee,
State
Pesticide
Applicator
Training
Programs,
federal
and
state
extension
programs,
IRAC,
HRAC,
and
FRAC
to
demonstrate
how
effective
resistance
management
strategies
benefit
users,
the
agricultural
community,
and
environmental
groups.
EPA
intends
to
develop
a
Fact
Sheet
about
effective
resistance
management
strategies
that
will
provide
more
extensive
information
about
our
efforts.

U.
S.
Postal
Service
Deliveries
The
following
official
mailing
address
must
be
used
for
all
correspondence
or
data
submissions
sent
to
OPP
by
mail:

Document
Processing
Desk
(
NOTIFICATION),
(
AMEND),
or
(
APPL),
as
applicable
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
(
7504C)
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Ariel
Rios
Building
1200
Pennsylvania
Avenue,
N.
W.
Washington,
D.
C.
20460­
0001
Personal/
Courier
Service
Deliveries
The
following
address
must
be
used
for
all
correspondence
or
data
submissions
that
are
handcarried
or
sent
by
courier
service
Monday
through
Friday,
from
8:
00
AM
to
4:
30
PM,
excluding
Federal
holidays:

Document
Processing
Desk
(
NOTIFICATION),
(
AMEND),
or
(
APPL),
as
applicable
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
(
7504C)
13
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Room
266A,
Crystal
Mall
2
1921
Jefferson
Davis
Highway
Arlington,
Virginia
22202
VII.
Scope
of
Policy
This
PR
Notice
provides
guidance
to
EPA,
to
pesticide
Registrants
and
applicants,
and
to
the
public.
As
a
guidance
document,
this
notice
is
not
binding
on
either
EPA
or
pesticide
Registrants,
and
EPA
may
depart
from
the
guidance
provided
in
individual
circumstances
and
without
notice.
For
the
matters
covered
by
this
particular
PR
Notice,
EPA
does
not
expect
to
require
that
any
Registrant
adopt
the
labeling
set
forth
here
as
part
of
any
individual
licensing
decision
or
action.
However,
if
any
Registrant
seeks
to
use
the
language
set
forth
here
in
the
manner
and
circumstances
described
here,
EPA
does
generally
expect
to
find
such
language
acceptable
in
any
licensing
proceeding.
However,
EPA
believes
that
the
approach
to
resistance
management
described
in
this
PR
Notice
is
sound
and
would
be
highly
beneficial
to
pesticide
manufacturers
and
pesticide
users.
EPA
is
hopeful
that
Registrants
will
embrace
this
approach
and
work
with
EPA
to
implement
it
for
all
relevant
products.
EPA
believes
this
approach
is
an
important
element
of
international
harmonization.

VIII.
For
Further
Information
If
you
have
general
questions
about
this
PR
Notice,
or
about
resistance
management
labeling,
please
contact:

Sharlene
R.
Matten,
Ph.
D.,
Biologist
Microbial
Pesticides
Branch
Biopesticides
and
Pollution
Prevention
Division
(
7511C)
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
1200
Pennsylvania
Ave.,
NW
Washington
D.
C.
20460
Telephone:
703­
605­
0514.
FAX:
703­
308­
7026
e­
mail:
matten.
sharlene@
epa.
gov
14
If
you
have
specific
product
questions,
contact
the
Labeling
Team
(
703­
308­
9068/
69),
the
appropriate
Product
Manager
(
Registration
Division
and
Antimicrobial
Division)
or
Regulatory
Action
Leader
(
Biopesticides
and
Pollution
Prevention
Division)
for
your
product.

Marcia
E.
Mulkey,
Director
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
Attachments:
Appendix
I:
Herbicide
Groups
Based
on
Target
Site
of
Action
Appendix
II:
Fungicide/
Bactericide
Groups
Based
on
Activity
Group/
Target
Site
of
Action
Appendix
III:
Insecticide
and
Acaricide
Groups
Based
on
Target
Site
of
Action
15
Appendix
I:
Herbicide
Groups
Based
on
Target
Site
of
Action1
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
1
Inhibitors
of
acetyl
CoA
carboxylase
(
ACCase)
Aryloxyphenoxy
propionates
clodinafop­
propargyl
diclofop­
methyl
fenoxaprop­
ethyl
fenoxaprop­
p­
ethyl
fluazifop­
p­
butyl
fluazifop­
butyl
quizalofop­
ethyl
quizalofop­
p­
ethyl
Cyclohexanediones
clethodim
sethoxydim
tralkoxydim
2
Inhibition
of
acetolactate
synthase
(
ALS)
and
also
called
acetohydroxyacid
synthase
(
AHAS)
Sulfonylureas
bensulfuron
chlorimuron
chlorsulfuron
ethametsulfuron­
methyl
halosulfuron­
methyl
metsulfuron­
methyl
nicosulfuron
primisulfuron
prosulfuron
rimsulfuron
sulfometuron
sulfosulfuron
thifensulfuron­
methyl
triasulfuron
tribenuron­
methyl
triflusulfuron­
methyl
Imidazolinones
imazamethabenz
imazamox
imazapyr
imazaquin
Appendix
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
16
imazethapyr
Pyrimidinylthiobenzoate
pyrithiobac
sodium
Triazolopyrimidime
flumetsulam
cloransulam­
methyl
3
Microtubule
assembly
inhibitors
Dinitroanilines
benefin
benfluralin
ethalfluralin
oryzalin
pendimethalin
trifluralin
Pyridazine
dithiopyr
thiazopyr
Benzoic
acid
chlorthal­
dimethyl
(
DCPA)

4
Synthetic
auxins
(
action
like
indoleacetic
acid)
Phenoxy
carboxylic
acids
2,4­
D
2,4­
DB
dichlorprop
(
2,4­
DP)

MCPA
MCPB
mecoprop
(
MCPP)

Benzoic
acids
dicamba
Pyridine
carboxylic
acids
clopyralid
fluroxypyr
picloram
triclopyr
Quinoline
carboxylic
acid
quinclorac
Inhibition
of
IAA
action
Semicarbazone
diflufenzopyr
5
Inhibitors
of
photosynthesis
at
photosystem
II
Site
A
Triazines
ametryn
atrazine
cyanazine
prometon
Appendix
I
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
17
prometryn
propazine
simazine
Triazinones
hexazinone
metribuzin
Uracils
bromacil
terbacil
Pyridazinone
pyrazon
Phenylcarbamates
desmedipham
phenmedipham
6
Similar
to
group
5,
but
different
binding
behavior
Nitriles
bromoxynil
ioxynil
Benzothiadiazoles
bentazon
Phenylpyridazine
pyridate
7
Inhibitors
of
photosynthesis
at
photosystem
II
Site
B
Ureas
diuron
fluometuron
linuron
metobromuron
monolinuron
siduron
tebuthiuron
Amide
propanil
8
Inhibition
of
lipid
synthesis
­
not
ACCase
inhibition
Thiocarbamates
butylate
cycloate
EPTC
molinate
pebulate
thiobencarb
triallate
vernolate
Benzofuran
bensulide
Appendix
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
18
Unknown
None
generally
accepted
difenzoquat
9
Inhibitors
of
EPSP
synthase
Glycines
glyphosate
sulfosate
10
Inhibitors
of
glutamine
synthetase
Phosphinic
acids
glufosinate­
ammonium
11
Bleaching:
Inhibitors
of
carotenoid
biosynthesis
(
unknown
target)
Triazole
amitrole
12
Bleaching:
Inhibitors
of
carotenoid
biosynthesis
at
the
phytoene
desaturase
step
(
PDS)
Pyridazinone
norflurazon
Nicotinanilide
diflufenican
Others
fluridone
flurochloridone
flurtamone
13
Bleaching:
Inhibition
of
all
diterpenes
Isoxazolidinone
clomazone
14
Inhibitors
of
protoporphyrinogen
oxidase
(
PPO)
Diphenylethers
acifluorfen
fomesafen
lactofen
oxyfluorfen
N­
phenylphthalimides
fluthiacet­
methyl
(
thiadiazole)

flumiclorac­
pentyl
Oxadiazole
oxadiazon
Triazolinone
carfentrazone­
ethyl
sulfentrazone
15
Inhibition
of
cell
division
Chloroacetamides
acetochlor
alachlor
butachlor
metolachlor
s­
metolachlor
pronamide
(
propyzamid)

propachlor
demethenamid
Acetamides
diphenamid
napropamide
Benzthiozole
mefenacet
Appendix
I
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
19
1.
This
list
is
based
on
the
Herbicide
Classification
of
the
Weed
Science
Society
of
America
(
WSSA)
(
Weed
Technology,
1997,
11:
384­
393)
in
consultation
with
the
specialist
technical
working
group,
Herbicide
Resistance
Action
Committee
(
HRAC)
of
the
Global
Crop
Protection
Federation
(
GCPF)
(
see
http://
www.
gcpf.
org
).
HRAC
and
WSSA
both
have
mode
of
action
classification
systems
for
herbicides.
The
HRAC
uses
an
alphabetic
classification
system
and
the
WSSA
uses
a
numerical
classification
system.
See
http://
www.
weedscience.
com
for
a
side­
by­
side
comparison.
Microbial
herbicides
are
not
included.
In
general,
herbicides
with
an
unknown
target
site
of
action
and/
or
multiple
sites
of
action,
have
been
less
Oxyacetamides
flufenacet
16
Unknown
Carbonic
acid
ethofumesate
17
Unknown
Organoarsenicals
Arsenic,
present
as
disodium
salt
of
methanearsonic
acid
(
DSMA)

Arsenic,
present
as
monosodium
salt
of
methanearsonic
acid
(
MSMA)

18
Inhibits
DHP
(
dihydropteroate)
synthase
step
Carbamate
asulam
19
Inhibits
indoleacetic
acid
action
Phthalamate
naptalam
20
Inhibits
cell
wall
synthesis
Site
A
Nitrile
dichlobenil
21
Inhibits
cell
wall
synthesis
Site
B
Benzamide
isoxaben
22
Photosystem
I
electron
diverters
Bipyridyliums
diquat
paraquat
23
Inhibitors
of
mitosis
Carbamates
chlorpropham
propham
24
Uncoupling
(
ATP)
membrane
disruptors
Dinitrophenol
dinoseb2
25
Unknown
Arylaminopropionic
acid
flamprop­
methyl
26
Inhibition
of
lipid
sysnthesis
­
not
ACCase
inhibition
Chlorocarbonic
acid
trichloroacetic
acid
(
TCA)

27
Unknown
Cineole
bromobutide
cinmethylin
dymron
flupoxam
28
Bleaching
inhibition
of
4­
hydroxyphenyl
pyruvate­
dioxygenase
(
4­
HPPD)
Isoxazole
isoxaflutole
Pyrazole
pyrazolynate
Triketone
sulcotrione
Appendix
20
prone
to
the
development
of
weed
resistance.
Herbicides
with
known
resistance
world­
wide
are
identified
on
the
following
web
site:
http://
www.
weedscience.
com.

2.
There
are
no
active
registered
uses
for
dinoseb
in
the
U.
S.
21
Appendix
II:
Fungicide/
Bactericide
Groups
Based
on
Activity
Group/
Target
Site
of
Action1
GROUP
ACTIVITY
GROUP/
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
1
Inhibition
of
tubulin
formation
Benzimidazoles
benomyl
carbendazim
fuberidazole
thiabendazole
thiophanate
thiophanate­
methyl
2
Affect
cell
division,
DNA
&
RNA
synthesis,
&
metabolism
Dicarboximides
iprodione
procymidone
vinclozolin
3
DMI
(
Demethylation
Inhibitor):
Inhibition
of
sterol
synthesis
Imidazoles
imazalil
perfurazoate
prochloraz
triflumizole
Piperazine
triforine2
Pyridine
pyrifenox
Pyrimidines
fenarimol
nuarimol
Triazoles
(
includes
conazoles)
bitertanol
bromuconazole
cyproconazole
diclobutrazol
difenoconazole
diniconazole
epoxiconazole
fenbuconazole
fluquinconazole
flusilazole
flutriafol
hexaconazole
metconazole
myclobutanil
Appendix
II
GROUP
ACTIVITY
GROUP/
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
22
paclobutrazol
penconazole
propiconazole
tebuconazole
tetraconazole
triadimefon
triadimenol
triticonazole
4
Phenylamides­
Affect
RNA
synthesis
Acylamines
benalaxyl
furalaxyl
metalaxyl
m­
metalaxyl
Oxazolidinones
oxadixyl
Butyrolactones
ofurace
5
Morpholines
Morpholines
aldimorph
fenpropimorph
tridemorph
Piperidine
fenpropidin
Spiroketalamine
spiroxamine
6
Phosphorothiolate
Organophosphorous
edifenphos
iprobenfos
(
IBP)

isoprothiolane
pyrazophos
7
Oxathiin:
Affect
mitochondrial
transport
chain
Anilide
(
Oxathiin)
bendodanil
carboxin
flutolanil
mepronil
oxycarboxin
8
Hydroxyprimidine
Pyrimidinol
bupirimate
dimethirimol
ethirimol
Appendix
II
GROUP
ACTIVITY
GROUP/
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
23
9
Anilinopyrimidine
Anilinopyrimidine
cyprodinil
mepanipyrim
pyrimethanil
10
N­
Phenyl­
carbamates
Diethofencarb
diethofencarb
11
Quinone
Outside
Inhibitors
(
QOI)
Strobilurins:

Methoxyacrylate
azoxystrobin
trifloxystrobin
Oximinioacetate
kresoxim­
methyl
Non­
Strobilurins:

Oxazolidinedione
famoxadone
Imidazolinone
fenamidone
12
Phenylpyrroles
Phenylpyrroles
fenpiclonil
fludioxonil
13
Quinolines
Quinoline
quinoxyfen
14
Aromatic
hydrocarbons
Chlorophenyls
chloroneb
dicloran
(
DCNA)

quintozene
tecnazene
tolclofos­
methyl
biphenyl
etridiazole
15
Cinnamic
acids
Cinnamic
acid
dimethomorph
16
Melanin
Biosynthesis
Inhibitors
(
MBI)
Reductase
inhibitors
fthalide
pyroquilon
tricyclazole
Dehydratase
inhibitor
carpropamid
17
Hydroxyanilide
Hydroxyanilide
fenhexamid
18
Antibiotics
oxytetracycline
streptomycin
19
Polyoxins
polyoxin
20
Phenylurea
pencycuron
Appendix
II
GROUP
ACTIVITY
GROUP/
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
24
21
Plant
host
defense
inducers
Benzothiadiazole
(
BTH)
acibenzolar­
S­
methyl
carpropamid
fosetyl­
aluminum
probenazole
U3
Unknown
Miscellaneous
Amino
acid
amide
iprovalicarb
Carbamate
iodocarb
propamocarb
Cyano­
acetamide
oxime
cymoxanil
Organotins
tri­
phenyl
tins
dinocap
fenfuram
M4
Multi­
site
activity
Phosphonates
fosetyl­
aluminum
phosphorous
acid
Inorganics
arsenates
copper
(
plus
salts)

sulphur
Dithiocarbamates
and
relatives
ferbam
mancozeb
maneb
metiram
propineb
thiram
zineb
ziram
Chloroalkythios
captafol
captan
folpet
Chloronitrile
chlorothalonil
Sulphamides
dichlofluanid
tolyfluanid
Guanidines
dodine
guazatine
Appendix
II
GROUP
ACTIVITY
GROUP/
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
25
1.
This
list
is
based
on
the
fungicide
listing
compiled
by
the
Fungicide
Resistance
Action
Committee
(
FRAC).
FRAC
is
a
specialist
technical
working
group
of
the
Global
Crop
Protection
Federation
(
GCPF)
(
see
http://
www.
gcpf.
org
).
Microbial
fungicides,
e.
g.
Bacillus
subtilis,
or
Agrobacterium
radiobacter
K84
and
K1026,
are
not
included.

2.
There
are
no
active
registered
uses
for
triforine
in
the
U.
S.

3.
The
Unknown
group,
designated
by
symbol
"
U,"
comprises
a
set
of
miscellaneous
compounds
for
which
that
biochemical
mode
of
action
may
or
may
not
be
known,
but
are
not
able
to
placed
with
certainty
in
any
other
groupings.

4.
The
Multi­
site
activity
grouping,
designated
by
symbol
"
M,"
comprises
a
collection
of
various
chemicals
that
act
as
general
toxophores
with
several
sites
of
action.
These
sites
may
differ
between
group
members.
iminoctadine
Anilazine
anilazine
Quinone
dithianon
Phenylpyridinamine
fluazinam
26
Appendix
III:
Insecticide
and
Acaricide
Groups
Based
on
Target
Site
of
Action1
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
1A2
Acetyl
choline
esterase
inhibitors
Inhibition
of
the
enzyme
acetylcholinesterase,
interrupting
the
transmission
of
nerve
impulses.
Carbamates
aldicarb
aminocarb
bendiocarb
carbaryl
carbofuran
formetanate
hydrochloride
methiocarb
methomyl
oxamyl
pirimicarb
propoxur
1B2
Organophosphates
acephate
azamethiphos
azinphos­
methyl
chlorfenvinphos
chlorpyrifos
coumaphos
diazinon
dichlorvos/
DDVP
dicrotophos
dimethoate
disulfoton
ethion
fenitrothion
fensulfothion
fenthion
fonofos
malathion
methamidophos
methidathion
naled
oxydemeton­
methyl
Appendix
III
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
27
parathion
phorate
phosalone
phosmet
pyrazophos
sulfotep
tebupirimfos
temephos
terbufos
tetrachlorvinphos
trichlorfon
2A2
GABA­
gated
chloride
channel
antagonists:
Interferes
with
GABA
receptors
of
insect
neurons,
leading
to
repetitive
nervous
discharges
Chlorinated
Cyclodienes
endosulfan
lindane
methoxychlor
2B2
GABA­
gated
chloride
channel
antagonists:
Interferes
with
GABA
receptors
of
insect
neurons,
leading
to
repetitive
nervous
dischargesfiprole
site.
Phenylpyrazoles
fipronil
3
Sodium
channel
modulators:
Acts
as
an
axonic
poison
by
interfering
with
the
sodium
channels
of
both
the
peripheral
and
central
nervous
system
stimulating
repetitive
nervous
discharges,
leading
to
paralysis.
Synthetic
Pyrethroids
allethrin
d­
cis­
trans
allethrin
d­
trans
allethrin
cyfluthrin
beta­
cyfluthrin
lambda­
cyhalothrin
cypermethrin
alpha­
cypermethrin
beta­
cypermethrin
theta­
cypermethrin
zeta­
cypermethrin
deltamethrin
fenpropathrin
fenvalerate
Appendix
III
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
28
flucythrinate
tau­
fluvalinate
permethrin
resmethrin
tefluthrin
tetramethrin
d­
tetramethrin
Pyrethrins
pyrethrins
4A2
Acetylcholine
receptor
agonists/
antagonists:
Binds
to
nicotinic
acetylcholine
receptor,
disrupting
nerve
transmission
Chloronicotines
(
Nitroguanidines)
imidacloprid
4B2
nicotine
4C2
cartap
bensultap
5
Acetylcholine
receptor
modulators:
Induces
acetylcholine­
like
activity
Spinosyns
spinosyns
6
Chloride
channel
activators:
Interferes
with
the
GABA
nerve
receptor
of
insects.
Avermectin
abamectin
emamectin
benzoate
Milbemycin
milbemycin
7A2
Juvenile
hormone
mimics
(
Insect
growth
regulator):
Mimic
juvenile
hormones
which
prevent
moulting
from
the
larval
to
the
adult
stage.
Juvenile
hormone
analogues
fenoxycarb
7B2
hydroprene
7C2
methoprene
7D2
pyriproxifen
8A2
Unknown
or
Non­
specific
target
site
of
action
(
fumigants)
Fumigant
methyl
bromide
8B2
aluminum
phosphide
9A2
Compounds
of
unknown
or
nonspecific
target
site
of
action
(
feeding
disrupters)
Feeding
Disruptors
cryolite
9B2
pymetrozine
10
Compounds
of
unknown
or
nonspecific
target
site
of
action
(
mite
growth
inhibitors)
Mite
Growth
Inhibitors
(
Ovicide)
clofentezine
hexythiazox
11A12&
3
Microbial
disruptors
of
insect
midgut
membranes
(
includes
Cry
proteins
expressed
in
transgenic
plants)
Organism
has
protein
inclusions
that
are
released
in
the
gut
of
the
target
pest
resulting
in
gut
paralysis
and
a
cessation
of
feeding.
Bt
Microbials
(
Biological
insecticide/
larvicide)
­
Dipteran
specific
­
Bacillus
thuringiensis
var.
israelensis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis
strain
Appendix
III
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
29
11A22&
3
Bt
Microbials
(
Biological
insecticide/
larvicide)
­
Dipteran
specific
­
Bacillus
sphaericus
Bacillus
sphaericus
strain
11B12&
3
Bt
Microbials
(
Biological
insecticide/
larvicide)
­
Lepidopteran
specific
­
Bacillus
thuringiensis
var.
aizawai
Bacillus
thuringiensis
aizawai
strain
Bacillus
thuringiensis.
aizawai,
encapsulated
delta
endotoxin
11B22&
3
Bt
Microbials
(
Biological
insecticide/
larvicide)
­
Lepidopteran
specific
­
Bacillus
thuringiensis
var.
kurstaki
Bacillus
thuringiensis
kurstaki
strain
Bacillus
thuringiensis
kurstaki
encapsulated
delta
endotoxin
11C2&
3
Bt
Microbials
(
Biological
insecticide/
larvicide)
­
Coleopteran
specific
Bacillus
thuringiensis
tenebrionis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
tenebrionis
encapsulated
delta
endotoxin
12A2
Inhibition
of
oxidative
phosphorylation
at
the
site
of
dinitrophenol
uncoupling
(
disrupt
ATP
formation)
Organotin
miticide
diafenthiuron
12B2
fenbutatin
oxide
13
Uncoupler
of
oxidative
phosphorylation
(
disrupt
H
proton
gradient
formation)
Pyrrole
compound
(
Broad
spectrum
contact
and
stomach
poison)
chorfenapyr4
14
Inhibit
magnesium­
stimulated
ATPase
Sulfite
ester
miticide
propargite
15
Inhibit
chitin
biosynthesis
Substituted
benzoylurea
diflubenzuron
16
Inhibit
chitin
biosynthesis
type
1
­
Homopteran
Thiadiazine
buprofezin
17
Inhibit
chitin
biosynthesis
type
2­
Dipteran
Triazine
cyromazine
18
Ecdysone
agonist/
disruptor
Disrupts
insect
molting
by
antagonizing
the
insect
hormone
ecdysone
Benzoic
acid
hydrazide
tebufenozide
19
Octopaminergic
agonist
Triazapentadiene
amitraz
20
Site
II
electron
transport
inhibitors
None
dicofol
hydramethylnon
21
Site
I
electron
transport
inhibitors
Botanical
rotenone
Pyridazinone
pyridaben
Appendix
III
GROUP
TARGET
SITE
OF
ACTION
CHEMICAL
GROUP
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
30
1.
The
classification
scheme
was
developed
in
consultation
with
the
Insecticide
Resistance
Action
Committee
(
IRAC)
(
see
http://
www.
gcpf.
org).
IRAC
is
a
specialist
technical
working
group
of
the
Global
Crop
Protection
Federation
(
GCPF).
It
is
recognized
that
resistance
of
insects
and
mites
to
insecticides
and
acaricides
can
also
result
from
enhanced
metabolism,
reduced
penetration
or
behavioral
changes
that
are
not
linked
to
any
target
site
of
action
classification,
but
are
specific
for
individual
chemicals
or
chemical
groups.
All
members
of
a
class
may
not
be
cross­
resistant
based
merely
on
mode/
target
site
of
action.
Most
biological
insecticides
are
not
included
in
this
Appendix
because
they
are
thought
not
to
pose
as
great
a
concern
for
resistance
development.
Microbial
products
involving
Cry
delta­
endotoxins
from
Bacillus
sp.
are
included
as
well
as
certain
biochemical
products.

2.
Not
all
members
of
this
class
have
been
shown
to
be
cross­
resistant.
Different
resistance
mechanisms
that
are
not
linked
to
target
site
of
action,
such
as
enhanced
metabolism,
are
common
for
this
group
of
chemicals.
Alternation
of
compounds
from
different
subgroups
within
this
class
may
be
an
acceptable
part
of
an
integrated
pest
management
program.

3.
Products
containing
multiple
toxins
would
be
differentiated
from
those
containing
single
toxins
only.
This
would
be
done
by
adding
a
suffix
of
"
m"
for
multiple
toxin
products
and
"
s"
for
single
toxin
products.
Products
containing
spores
would
be
differentiated
from
those
without
spores
by
adding
"+"
for
sporecontaining
products
and
"­"
for
those
products
which
do
not
contain
spores.
For
example,
B.
thuringiensis
subsp.
kurstaki
product
containing
multiple
toxins
and
spores
could
be
designated
as
Group
11Dm+,
while
the
same
product
without
spores
and
expressing
only
one
toxin
would
be
designated
as
Group
11Ds­.

4.
There
are
no
U.
S.
registered
uses
of
chlorfenapyr.
22
Voltage
dependent
sodium
channel
blocker
Oxadiazine
indoxacarb
