The
background
papers
on
the
candidate
national
program
priorities
are
intended
to
initiate
further
discussion.
When
priorities
are
selected
more
detailed
strategies
with
in­
depth
background
information,
numerical
targets,
schedules,
milestones
and
performance
measures
will
be
developed.
______________________________________________________________________________

December,
2003
Page
1
of
2
Proposed
Priority:
Fuels
Management
Facilities
Universe
&
Types
of
Facilities
The
Census
of
Manufacturers
indicates
that
there
are
10,000
establishments
in
this
sector
while
Dun
and
Bradstreet
indicates
that
there
could
be
as
many
as
39,055.
EPA
data
systems
contain
environmental
compliance
information
on
6,423
facilities.
Approximately
eighty
percent
are
small
businesses.
This
sector
includes
all
or
a
subset
of
the
following
types
of
facilities:
petroleum
bulk
stations
and
terminals,
petroleum
product
wholesalers,
pipelines,
fuel
distributors
and
retailers,
airports,
rail
and
marine
shipping,
manufacturing
operations
and
commercial,
institutional
establishments,
and
transmix
facilities
(
does
not
include
auto
service
centers).

Geographic
Range
Nationwide
with
concentrations
in
TX,
CA,
LA,
OK,
KS,
PA,
MO,
NC,
FL,
IL,
NJ
and
NY.

Environmental
Risks
Of
U.
S.
manufacturing
industries,
this
combined
sector
emits
the
largest
amount
of
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
(
VOCs,
763,000
tons/
year)
and
it
also
ranks
among
the
highest
for
toxic
air
releases.
Additionally,
spills
to
surface
waters,
and
leaks
to
soils
and
ground
water,
are
also
a
major
concern.
Nearly
four
and
a
half
million
gallons
of
liquid
petroleum
were
spilled
from
above­
ground
tanks
during
`
87
­
`
95.
Of
38
states
surveyed
for
the
1998
National
Water
Quality
Inventory
18
(
terminals)
and
13
(
pipelines
and
sewer
lines)
states
ranked
spills
from
these
sources
as
a
top
cause
of
ground
water
contamination.

According
to
Department
of
Transportation's
(
DOT)
Office
of
Pipeline
Safety
more
than
6,300,000
gallons
of
liquid
petroleum
and
other
hazardous
liquids
were
reported
spilled
annually
(
only
spills
over
2,100
gallons
must
be
reported).
During
the
1990'
s
67,000,000
gallons
of
crude
oil
and
petroleum
products
leaked
from
pipelines.
Spills
from
pipelines
and
their
associated
compression
stations
and
breakout
tanks
contaminate
surface
water,
ground
water,
soil
and
they
emit
air
pollutants.

Of
the
more
than
200
toxic
chemicals
associated
with
petroleum
spills,
some
of
the
most
common
are
benzene
(
a
known
carcinogen),
toluene
(
neurotoxin),
ethylbenzene
(
liver
and
kidney
and
developmental
toxicity),
xylenes
(
neurotoxin)
and
methyl
tert­
butyl
ether
(
MTBE,
toxic
to
kidneys),
all
of
which
are
listed
as
hazardous
air
pollutants.
According
to
the
1999
Toxic
Release
Inventory
(
TRI)
data,
48
chemicals
were
released
by
this
combined
sector.
Additionally,
liquid
petroleum
products
contain
VOCs
(
which
are
precursors
to
smog),
sulfur
(
one
of
the
acid
rain
contributors),
nitrogen
(
a
primary
smog
precursor),
and
toxic
metals
(
i.
e.,
chromium,
nickel
and
The
background
papers
on
the
candidate
national
program
priorities
are
intended
to
initiate
further
discussion.
When
priorities
are
selected
more
detailed
strategies
with
in­
depth
background
information,
numerical
targets,
schedules,
milestones
and
performance
measures
will
be
developed.
______________________________________________________________________________

December,
2003
Page
2
of
2
vanadium).
Crude
oils
and
semi­
refined
products
may
contain
carcinogenic
polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(
PAH)
and
other
toxic
substances.

23
percent
of
all
US
methane
emissions
(
a
greenhouse
gas)
are
emissions
from
natural
gas
pipelines.
Mercury
and
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls
(
PCB)
contamination
in
soil
and
groundwater
also
occur
at
compressor
stations
and
metering
sites
along
pipelines.
Methyl
tert­
Butly
Ether
(
MTBE),
a
gasoline
additive,
has
been
found
in
groundwater
contaminated
by
pipeline
spills.
Drinking
contaminated
water
or
breathing
MTBE
can
adversely
affect
the
nervous
system,
cause
nausea,
and
nose
and
throat
irritation.

Noncompliance
Information
Some
of
the
worst
incidents
have
been
violations
covered
under
Spill
Prevention
Control
and
Countermeasure
(
SPCC)
requirements
of
the
Oil
Pollution
Act
(
OPA).
Spill
occurrence
has
not
declined
since
the
implementation
of
OPA.
Spill
violations
addressed
in
the
$
35
million
Koch
Industries
and
Colonial
Pipeline
settlements
illustrate
problems
associated
with
aging
pipeline
infrastructure.
About
30%
of
reported
spills
are
caused
by
poor
maintenance
(
corrosion,
worn
valves
and
gaskets).
Similar
problems
exist
at
aging
fuel
storage
facilities.

Based
on
the
data
in
the
On­
line
Tracking
Information
Site
(
OTIS),
in
the
past
five
years
approximately
16,000
inspections
(
mostly
under
the
Clean
Air
Act
and
mostly
conducted
by
the
states)
at
over
3,400
facilities
inspected
have
resulted
in
over
1,000
enforcement
actions
(
more
than
one
enforcement
action
may
occur
at
any
facility)
for
this
sector.

It
is
estimated
that
only
14%
of
storage
terminals
subject
to
TRI
reporting
requirements
have
actually
submitted
reports.
Contraction
in
the
number
of
storage
facilities
(
24%
fewer)
during
the
1990'
s
along
with
an
increase
in
sales
(
8%
increase
from
1992
to
1997)
indicates
that
some
facilities
may
have
increased
emission
levels
without
obtaining
the
necessary
air
permit
changes.
The
compliance
status
of
facilities
subject
to
new
NESHAPs
rules
is
unknown
given
that
EPA
has
compliance
data
on
fewer
than
half
of
the
more
than
260
potentially
subject
facilities.
