 Granting Petitions to Add n-Propyl Bromide to the List of Hazardous Air Pollutants

The following are references used in EPA's technical review of the health effects of n-propyl bromide.

REFERENCES

Banu, S; Ichihara, S; Huang, F; Ito, H; Inaguma, Y; Furuhashi, K; Fukunaga, Y; Wang, Q; Kitoh, J; Ando, H; Kikkawa, F; Ichihara, G. (2007). Reversibility of the adverse effects of 1-bromopropane exposure in rats. Toxicol Sci 100: 504-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm245
Fueta, Y; Ishidao, T; Ueno, S; Yoshida, Y; Kunugita, N; Hori, H. (2007). New approach to risk assessment of central neurotoxicity induced by 1-bromopropane using animal models. Neurotoxicology 28: 270-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.003
Garner, CE; Sloan, C; Sumner, SC; Burgess, J; Davis, J; Etheridge, A; Parham, A; Ghanayem, BI. (2007). CYP2E1-catalyzed oxidation contributes to the sperm toxicity of 1-bromopropane in mice. Biol Reprod 76: 496-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.106.055004
Honma, T; Suda, M; Miyagawa, M. (2003). Inhalation of 1-bromopropane causes excitation in the central nervous system of male F344 rats. Neurotoxicology 24: 563-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00049-4
Ichihara, G; Kitoh, J; Yu, X; Asaeda, N; Iwai, H; Kumazawa, T; Shibata, E; Yamada, T; Wang, H; Xie, Z; Takeuchi, Y. (2000). 1-Bromopropane, an alternative to ozone layer depleting solvents, is dose-dependently neurotoxic to rats in long-term inhalation exposure. Toxicol Sci 55: 116-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/55.1.116
Ichihara, G; Li, W; Shibata, E; Ding, X; Wang, H; Liang, Y; Peng, S; Itohara, S; Kamijima, M; Fan, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhong, E; Wu, X; Valentine, WM; Takeuchi, Y. (2004). Neurologic abnormalities in workers of a 1-bromopropane factory. Environ Health Perspect 112: 1319-1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6995
Ichihara, G; Miller, JK; Ziolkokwska, A; Itohara, S; Takeuchi, Y. (2002). Neurological disorders in three workers exposed to 1-bromopropane. J Occup Health 44: 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.44.1
Li, W; Shibata, E; Zhou, Z; Ichihara, S; Wang, H; Wang, Q; Li, J; Zhang, L; Wakai, K; Takeuchi, Y; Ding, X; Ichihara, G. (2010). Dose-dependent neurologic abnormalities in workers exposed to 1-bromopropane. J Occup Environ Med 52: 769-777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181eaded7
Liu, F; Ichihara, S; Mohideen, SS; Sai, U; Kitoh, J; Ichihara, G. (2009). Comparative study on susceptibility to 1-bromopropane in three mice strains. Toxicol Sci 112: 100-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp173
Majersik, JJ; Caravati, EM; Steffens, JD. (2007). Severe neurotoxicity associated with exposure to the solvent 1-bromopropane (n-propyl bromide). Clin Toxicol 45: 270-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650701226218
NTP-CERHR (NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction). (2003). NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of 1-bromopropane [NTP]. (NIH Publication No. 04-4479). Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/bromopropanes/1-bromopropane/1BP_monograph.pdf
NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2011). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 1-bromopropane (CAS No. 106-94-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies) [NTP] (pp. 1-190). (NTP TR 564; NIH Publication No. 11-5906). Research Triangle Park, NC. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/TR564.pdf
NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2014). Report on carcinogens. Thirteenth edition. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/roc13/index.html
Ohnishi, A; Ishidao, T; Kasai, T; Arashidani, K; Hori, H. (1999). [Neurotoxicity of 1-bromopropane in rats]. J UOEH 21: 23-28. 
Perrone, J; Mazer, M; Deroos, FJ. (2008). Encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy secondary to 1-bromopropane toxicity. Clin Toxicol 46: 417-417. 
Sclar, G. (1999). Encephalomyeloradiculoneuropathy following exposure to an industrial solvent. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 101: 199-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0303-8467(99)00034-7
Suda, M; Honma, T; Miyagawa, M; Wang, RS. (2008). Alteration of brain levels of neurotransmitters and amino acids in male F344 rats induced by three-week repeated inhalation exposure to 1-bromopropane. Ind Health 46: 348-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.46.348
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2007). Protection of stratospheric ozone: Listing of substitutes for ozone-depleting substances-n-propyl bromide in solvent cleaning. Fed Reg 72: 30142-30167. 
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2014). Summary report: State-of-the-science workshop on chemically-induced mouse lung tumors: Applications to human health assessments. (600R14002). http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=291094&CFID=40888511&CFTOKEN=98632970
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2015). Addition of 1-Bromopropane: Community -Right -To -Know Toxic Chemicals Release Reporting. Fed Reg 80: 20189-20195. 
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2016). TSCA work plan chemical risk assessment: Peer review draft 1-bromopropane: (n-Propyl bromide) spray adhesives, dry cleaning, and degreasing uses CASRN: 106-94-5 [EPA Report]. (EPA 740-R1-5001). Washington, DC. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/1-bp_report_and_appendices_final.pdf
U.S. EPA OEI (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information). (2014). Memorandum from Jocelyn Hospital, Toxicologist, Analytical Support Branch to Sandra Gaona, Acting Chief, Analytical Support Branch. November 3, 2014. Subject: Review of National Toxicology Program (NTP) Cancer Classification Data for 1- bromopropane. https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-TRI-2015-0011-0047
Wang, H; Ichihara, G; Ito, H; Kato, K; Kitoh, J; Yamada, T; Yu, X; Tsuboi, S; Moriyama, Y; Sakatani, R; Shibata, E; Kamijima, M; Itohara, S; Takeuchi, Y. (2002). Biochemical changes in the central nervous system of rats exposed to 1-bromopropane for seven days. Toxicol Sci 67: 114-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/67.1.114
WIL Research (WIL Research Labs). (2001). An inhalation two-generation reproductive toxicity study of 1-bromopropane in rats. (Study No. WIL-380001). Ashland, OH. 
Yamada, T; Ichihara, G; Wang, H; Yu, X; Maeda, K; Tsukamura, H; Kamijima, M; Nakajima, T; Takeuchi, Y. (2003). Exposure to 1-bromopropane causes ovarian dysfunction in rats. Toxicol Sci 71: 96-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/71.1.96
Yu, X; Ichihara, G; Kitoh, J; Xie, Z; Shibata, E; Kamijima, M; Takeuchi, Y. (2001). Neurotoxicity of 2-bromopropane and 1-bromopropane, alternative solvents for chlorofluorocarbons. Environ Res 85: 48-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2000.4226

