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Studies Cited in Technical Analyses Supporting the Appropriate and Necessary Finding

December, 2011

(point of contact: Amy Lamson, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, e-mail: lamson.amy@epa.gov)

EPA has placed in the docket a CD disk drive containing .pdf copies of the important studies and reports that EPA cited in the technical support documents (TSDs) supporting the Appropriate and Necessary (A&N) finding for the Mercury and Air Toxics Standard which are all available in the docket.  Full citations are appended to this cover note.  

This disk drive contains important studies and reports cited in:
   * "Methods to Develop Inhalation Cancer Risk Estimates for Chromium and Nickel Compounds" 
   * "Technical Support Document: Potential for Excess Local Deposition of Mercury in Areas near U.S. EGUs"
   * "Technical Support Document: National-Scale Assessment of Mercury Risk to Populations with High Consumption of Self-caught Freshwater Fish In Support of the Appropriate and Necessary Finding for Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Generating Units"
   * "Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document: EGU Mercury Analysis"  
   * "Memorandum: Ecosystem Effects for the Proposed Rule" (Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0234-2989)
   * "Non-Hg Case Study Chronic Inhalation Risk Assessment for the Utility MACT "Appropriate and Necessary" Analysis" (Docket ID:  EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0234-2939)
   * "Supplement to the Non-Hg Case Study Chronic Inhalation Risk Assessment In Support of the Appropriate and Necessary Finding for Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Generating Units"
   * "Memorandum: Emissions Overview: Hazardous Air Pollutants in Support of the Final Mercury and Air Toxics Standard" 
   * "Technical Support Document (TSD) For the Proposed Toxics Rule:  Emissions Inventories" 
   * A&N portion Response to Comments (RTC) document

Many of the cited studies are under copyright.  Copyrighted material is not available in Regulations.gov since it may not be reproduced without consent of the copyright holder.  These studies can be viewed in the public reading room at the U.S.  EPA Docket Center. In addition, we did not include .pdf copies of any cited books, software, or data files on this disk drive.  


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Methods to Develop Inhalation Cancer Risk Estimates for Chromium and Nickel Compounds 
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2008. Toxicological Fact Sheet for chromium. Available online at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts7.pdf
California Department of Health Services (CDHS), 1991.  Health Risk Assessment for Nickel. Initial Statement for Rulemaking, Proposed Identification of Nickel as a Toxic Air Contaminant  -  Technical Support Document, part B.  Available online at  http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/id/summary/nickel_tech_b.pdf.
Dayan AD and Paine AJ.  Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000.  Hum and Experiment Toxicol 2001, 20:439-451.  
Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), University of North Dakota, Final Report: Nickel Speciation Analyses of Residual Oil Fly Ashes Using X-Ray Techniques, 2010.  Electronic file available at: http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile/?p_download_id=503933..
European Commission, Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER), 2006.  Opinion on: Reports on Nickel, Human Health part. SCHER, 11th plenary meeting of 04 May 2006 [http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_034.pdf].CHER 2006
Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. 2004.  Formation and chemical speciation of arsenic-, chromium-, and nickel-bearing coal combustion PM2.5, Fuel Process Technol 85:701-726.
Gibb HJ, PS Lees, et al. (2000). Lung Cancer Among Workers in Chromium Chemical Production. American J Ind Med 38(2): 115-26.
Goodman JE, Prueitt RL, Thakali S, and Oller AR. The nickel iron bioavailability model of the carcinogenic potential of nickel-containing substances in the lung. Crit Rev Toxicol  2011, 41:142-174.
Grimsrud TK and Andersen A. Evidence of carcinogenicity in humans of water-soluble nickel salts. J Occup Med Toxicol 2010, 5:1-7.  Available online at http://www.ossup-med.com/content/5/1/7.
Heller JG, Thornhill PG, Conard BR: New views on the hypothesis of respiratory cancer risk from soluble nickel exposure; and reconsideration of this risk's historical sources in nickel refineries. J Occup Med Toxicol, 2009, 4:23.
Huggins FE, Najih M, Huffman GP. 1999.  Direct speciation of chromium in coal combustion by-products by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, Fuel Process Technol 78:233-242.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group: Special Report.  Policy; A review of human carcinogens; Part C: metals, arsenic, dusts, and fibres.  Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10:453-454.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 1990.  IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Chromium, nickel and welding. Vol. 49. Lyons, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization 49-256.
International Labour Organization/United Nations Environment Programme, World Health Organization (WHO), 1991. Nickel. In Environmental Health Criteria No 108 Geneva.
National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2011. Report on carcinogens. 12[th] ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service. Available online at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf.
Oller A.  Respiratory carcinogenicity assessment of soluble nickel compounds. Environ Health Perspect, 2002, 110:841-844.
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), 2011.  Development Support Document for nickel and inorganic nickel compounds.  Available online at http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/assets/public/implementation/tox/dsd/final/june11/nickel_&_compounds.pdf
US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 1994. Seventh annual report on carcinogens: Summary 1994. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 262-269.
US EPA, 1984. Health assessment document for chromium. Research Triangle Park, NC: Environmental Assessment and Criteria Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA600883014F.
US EPA, 1986.  Health Assessment Document for Nickel. EPA/600/8-83/012F.  National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
US EPA, 1998.  Integrated Risk Information Service (IRIS) assessment for hexavalent chromium.  Available at:  http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0144.htm.
US EPA, 1998.  Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units  -  Final Report to Congress.  U.S. EPA #453/R-98-004.  Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/caaa/t3rc.html.
US EPA, 2001. National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment for 1996 - Appendix-G: Health Effects Information Used in Cancer and Noncancer Risk Characterization for the NATA 1996 National-Scale Assessment, EPA-453/R-01-003.  Available online at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/sab/appendix-g.pdf.

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Technical Support Document: Potential for Excess Local Deposition of Mercury in Areas near U.S. EGUs 
Caffrey, J.M., Landing, W.M., Nolek, S.D., Gosnell, K.J., Bagui, S.S., Bagui, S.C., 2010. "Atmospheric deposition of mercury and major ions to the Pensacola (Florida) watershed: spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual variability." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 5425-5434.
Keeler, G.J., Landis, M.S., Norris, G.A., Christianson, E.M., Dvonch, J.T., 2006. "Sources of mercury wet deposition in Eastern Ohio, USA." Environmental Science & Technology 40, 5874-5881. 
White, E.M., Keeler, G.J., Landis, M.S., 2009. "Spatial Variability of Mercury Wet Deposition in Eastern Ohio: Summertime Meteorological Case Study Analysis of Local Source Influences." Environmental Science & Technology 43, 4946-4953.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2011a. Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document: EGU Mercury Analysis. EPA-454/R-11-008.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2011b. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units. Federal Register.



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Technical Support Document: National-Scale Assessment of Mercury Risk to Populations with High Consumption of Self-caught Freshwater Fish In Support of the Appropriate and Necessary Finding for Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Generating Units
Appel, K. W., A. B. Gilliland, et al. (2007). "Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance Part I - Ozone." Atmospheric Environment 41(40): 9603-9615.
Appel, K. W., P. V. Bhave, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance; Part II - particulate matter." Atmospheric Environment 42(24): 6057-6066.
Axelrad, D. A.; Bellinger, D. C.; Ryan, L. M.; Woodruff, T. J. (2007). Dose-response relationship of prenatal mercury exposure and IQ: an integrative analysis of epidemiologic data. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007, 115, 609 - 615.
Bloom, N.S. (1992). On the chemical form of mercury in edible fish and marine invertebrate tissue. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:1010-1017.
Bullock, O. R. and K. A. Brehme (2002). "Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: formulation description and analysis of wet deposition results." Atmospheric Environment 36(13): 2135-2146.
Bullock, O.R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.Y., Lohman, K., Myers, T.C., Park, R.J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N.E., Sistla, G., Vijayaraghavan, K., (2008). The North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study (NAMMIS): Study description and model-to-model comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 113.
Bullock, O.R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.Y., Lohman, K., Myers, T.C., Park, R.J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N.E., Sistla, G., Vijayaraghavan, K., (2009). An analysis of simulated wet deposition of mercury from the North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 114.
Burger, J. (2002). Daily consumption of wild fish and game: Exposures of high end recreationalists, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 12:4, p. 343-354, July, 2010.
Burger, J., Stephens, W. L., Boring, C. S., Kuklinski, M., Gibbons, J. W., Gochfeld M. (1999) Factors in Exposure Assessment: Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Fishing and Soncumption of Fish Caught along the Savannah River. Risk Analysis, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 427.
Byun, D., Schere, K.L., 2006. Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Applied Mechanics Reviews 59, 51-77.
Dellinger, J. A., (2004) Exposure assessment and initial intervention regarding fish consumption of tribal members in the Upper Great Lakes Region in the United States. Dellinger , Environmental Research 95, p. 325-340
Dispasquale, M.M., J. Agee, C. McGowan, R.S. Oremland, M. Thomas, D. Krabbenhoft, and C.C. Gilmour. (2000) Methyl-Mercury Degradation Pathways: A Comparison Among Three Mercury-Impacted Ecosystems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4908-4916.
Farias L.A., Favaro, D.I., Santos J.O., Vasconcellos M.B., et al., (2010). Cooking Process Evaluation on Mercury Content in Fish,‖ Acta Amazonia, 40 (4), 741 - 748.
Grandjean, P., P. Weihe, R. White, F. Debes, S. Arak, K. Yokoyama, K. Murata, N. Sorensen, R. Dahl, and P. Jorgensen. (1997). Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 20:1-12.
Harris., R. C., John W. M. Rudd, Marc Amyot, Christopher L. Babiarz, Ken G. Beaty, Paul J. Blanchfield, R. A. Bodaly, Brian A. Branfireun, Cynthia C. Gilmour, Jennifer A. Graydon, Andrew Heyes, Holger Hintelmann, James P. Hurley, Carol A. Kelly, David P. Krabbenhoft, Steve E. Lindberg, Robert P. Mason, Michael J. Paterson, Cheryl L. Podemski, Art Robinson, Ken A. Sandilands, George R. Southworth, Vincent L. St. Louis, and Michael T. TateRudd, J. W. M., Amyot M., et al., (2007). Whole-Ecosystem study Shows Rapid Fish-Mercury Response to Changes in Mercury Deposition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition, PNAS 2007 104 (42) pp. 16586-16591; (published ahead of print September 27, 2007).
Knights, D. C, Sunderland, E. M., Barber, M. C., Johnston J. M., and Ambrose, R. B., (2009). Application of Ecosystem-Scale Fate and Bioaccumulation Models to Predict Fish Mercury Response Times to Changes in Atmospheric Deposition. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol 28, No. 4., pp. 881-893.
Lin, C.J., Pongprueks, P., Rusell Bulock, O., Lindberg, S.E., Pehkonen, S.O., Jang, C., Braverman, T., Ho, T.C., (2007). Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models II: Sensitivity analysis in the CONUS domain. Atmospheric Environment 41, 6544-6560.
Morgan, J.N., M.R. Berry, and R.L. Graves. (1997). "Effects of Commonly Used Cooking Practices on Total Mercury Concentration in Fish and Their Impact on Exposure Assessments." Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 7(1):119-133.
Moya. J., Itkiin, C., Selevan, S.G., Rogers, J.W., Clickner, R. P., (2008). Estimates of fish consumption rates for consumers of bought and self-caught fish in Connecticut, Florida, Minnesota, and North Dacota. Science of the Total Environment (2008), doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.023.
Musaiger, A. O., R. D'Souza, (2008). The effects of different methods of cooking on proximate, mineral and heavy metal composition of fish and shrimps consumed in the Arabian Gulf. Archivos LatinoAmericanos De Nutricion, Organo Oficial de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion., Vol 58, No 1, 2008. 
NMFS, (2003a). National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Statistical Highlights: Fisheries of the United States.
Oken e., Radesky, J.S., Wright, R. O., Bellinger D. C., Amarasiriwardena C. UJ., Kleinman, K. P., Hu, H., Gillman, M.W., (2008). Maternal Fish Intake during Pregnancy, Blood Mercury Levels, and Child Cognition at Age 3 Years in a US Cohort. American Journal of Epmidemiology, Vol. 167, No. 10, p. 1171.
Pacyna, E.G., Pacyna, J.M., Sundseth, K., Munthe, J., Kindbom, K., Wilson, S., Steenhuisen, F., Maxson, P., 2009. Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in 2005 and projections to 2020. Atmospheric Environment 44, 2487-2499.
Pirrone N. and Keating T, editors.  "Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (2010), Part B: Mercury. Prepared by the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution acting within the framework of the Convention on Long  - range Transboundary Air Pollution."  United Nations New York and Geneva, 2010. 
Pirrone N, Cinnirella S, Feng X, Finkelman RB, Friedli HR, Leaner J, et al., (2010).  Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources.  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 10(2), 4719-4752.
Pongprueksa, P., Lin, C.J., Lindberg, S.E., Jang, C., Braverman, T., Bullock, O.R., Ho, T.C., Chu, H.W., (2008). Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models III: Boundary and initial conditions, model grid resolution, and Hg(II) reduction mechanism. Atmospheric Environment 42, 1828-1845.
Rice GE, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. (2010). A probabilistic characterization of the health benefits of reducing methyl mercury intake in the United States. Environmental Science Technology. 2010 Jul 1;44(13):5216-24
Ryaboshapko, A., Bullock, O.R., Christensen, J., Cohen, M., Dastoor, A., Ilyin, I., Petersen, G., Syrakov, D., Artz, R.S., Davignon, D., Draxler, R.R., Munthe, J., (2007a). Intercomparison study of atmospheric mercury models: 1. Comparison of models with short-term measurements. Science of the Total Environment 376, 228-240.
Ryaboshapko, A., Bullock, O.R., Christensen, J., Cohen, M., Dastoor, A., Ilyin, I., Petersen, G., Syrakov, D., Travnikov, O., Artz, R.S., Davignon, D., Draxler, R.R., Munthe, J., Pacyna, J., (2007b). Intercomparison study of atmospheric mercury models: 2. Modelling results vs. long-term observations and comparison of country deposition budgets. Science of the Total Environment 377, 319-333.
Seigneur, C., K . Vigjayaraghavan, K. Lohman, P. Karamchandani, C. Scott. (2004)."Global Source Attribution for Mercury Deposition in the United States." Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 555-569.
Selin, N.E., Jacob, D.J., Park, R.J., Yantosca, R.M., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., Jaffe, D., (2007). Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 112.
Shilling, Fraser, Aubrey White, Lucas Lippert, Mark Lubell (2010). Contaminated fish consumption in California's Central Valley Delta. Environmental Research 110, p. 334-344.
Slemr, F., Brunke, E.G., Ebinghaus, R., Kuss, J., (2011). Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1995. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 4779-4787.
Streets, D.G., Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., (2009). Projections of Global Mercury Emissions in 2050. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 2983-2988.
Swartout, J., and G. Rice. (2000). "Uncertainty Analysis of the Estimated Ingestion Rates Used to Derive the Methylmercury Reference Dose." Drug and Chemical Toxicology 23(1):293-306. 11-41
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development. EPA-452/R-97-003, December 1997.
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2000). Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 1: Fish Sampling and Analysis and Volume 3: Overview of Risk Management. Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA 823-B-00-007.
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2001a). Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of Human Health: Methylmercury - Final. U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, EPA-823-R-01-001 January 2001.
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2001b). Mercury Maps - A Quantitative Spatial Link Between Air Deposition and Fish Tissue Peer Reviewed Final Report. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, EPA-823-R-01-009, September, 2001.
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2005), Neurobehavioral Assessments Conducted in the New Zealand, Faroe Islands, and Seychelles Islands Studies of Methylmercury Neurotoxicity in Children. David C. Bellinger, Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, March 2005. Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0056-6045[1]
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2007a) Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information OAQPS Staff Paper. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-452/R-07-013 November 2007.
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2007b) Lead: Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessments for Selected Case Studies, Volume I. Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessments -- Full-Scale and Volume II. Appendices. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA - 452/R - 07 - 014a and EPA - 452/R -  07 - 014b.
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2011) Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Mercury and Air Toxics Standards. Chapter 4: Mercury and other HAP Benefits Analysis. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. December. Available on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/ria.html
U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2011). Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document: EGU Mercury Analysis.  EPA-454/R-11-008.
UNEP's Division of Technology, Industry and Economics. (2010). Study on mercury sources and emissions and analysis of cost and effectiveness of control measures "UNEP Paragraph 29 study".
USGS, U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, (2009), Federal guidelines, requirements, and procedures for the national Watershed Boundary Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 11 - A3, 55 p.
Wijngaarden,  Edwin van, Christopher Beck, Conrad F. Shamlaye, Elsa Cernichiari, Philip W. Davidson, Gary J. Myers, Thomas W. Clarkson. (2006). Benchmark concentrations for methyl mercury obtained from the 9-year follow-up of the Seychelles Child Development Study. NeuroToxicology 27 :702 - 709.

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Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document: EGU Mercury Analysis 

Appel, K.W., Bhave, P.V., Gilliland, A.B., Sarwar, G., Roselle, S.J., 2008. Evaluation of the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance; Part II - particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment 42, 6057-6066.
Appel, K.W., Gilliland, A.B., Sarwar, G., Gilliam, R.C., 2007. Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance Part I - Ozone. Atmospheric Environment 41, 9603-9615.
Baker, K., Dolwick, P., 2009a. Meteorological Modeling Performance Evaluation for the Annual 2005 Continental U.S. 36-km Domain Simulation. US Environmental Protection Agency OAQPS.
Baker, K., Dolwick, P., 2009b. Meteorological Modeling Performance Evaluation for the Annual 2005 Eastern U.S. 12-km Domain Simulation. US Environmental Protection Agency OAQPS, RTP.
Baker, K., Dolwick, P., 2009c. Meteorological Modeling Performance Evaluation for the Annual 2005 Western U.S. 12-km Domain Simulation, in: EPA, U. (Ed.). US Environmental Protection Agency OAQPS.
Boylan, J.W., Russell, A.G., 2006. PM and light extinction model performance metrics, goals, and criteria for three-dimensional air quality models. Atmospheric Environment 40, 4946-4959.
Bullock, O.R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.Y., Lohman, K., Myers, T.C., Park, R.J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N.E., Sistla, G., Vijayaraghavan, K., 2008. The North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study (NAMMIS): Study description and model-to-model comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 113.
Bullock, O.R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.Y., Lohman, K., Myers, T.C., Park, R.J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N.E., Sistla, G., Vijayaraghavan, K., 2009. An analysis of simulated wet deposition of mercury from the North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 114.
Bullock, O.R., Brehme, K.A., 2002. Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: formulation description and analysis of wet deposition results. Atmospheric Environment 36, 2135-2146.
Byun, D., Schere, K.L., 2006. Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Applied Mechanics Reviews 59, 51-77.
Carlton, A.G., Bhave, P.V., Napelenok, S.L., Edney, E.D., Sarwar, G., Pinder, R.W., Pouliot, G.A., Houyoux, M., 2010. Model Representation of Secondary Organic Aerosol in CMAQv4.7. Environmental Science & Technology 44, 8553-8560.
Carlton, A.G., Turpin, B.J., Altieri, K.E., Seitzinger, S.P., Mathur, R., Roselle, S.J., Weber, R.J., 2008. CMAQ Model Performance Enhanced When In-Cloud Secondary Organic Aerosol is Included: Comparisons of Organic Carbon Predictions with Measurements. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 8798-8802.
Doraiswamy, P., Hogrefe, C., Hao, W., Civerolo, K., Ku, J., Sistla, G., 2010. A Retrospective Comparison of Model-Based Forecasted PM2.5 Concentrations with Measurements. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association 60, 1293-1308.
Gery, M.W., Whitten, G.Z., Killus, J.P., Dodge, M.C., 1989. A Photochemical Kinetics Mechanism for Urban and Regional Scale Computer Modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 94, 12925-12956.
Houyoux, M.R., Vukovich, J.M., Coats, C.J., Wheeler, N.J.M., Kasibhatla, P.S., 2000. Emission inventory development and processing for the Seasonal Model for Regional Air Quality (SMRAQ) project. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 105, 9079-9090.
Lin, C.J., Pongprueks, P., Rusell Bulock, O., Lindberg, S.E., Pehkonen, S.O., Jang, C., Braverman, T., Ho, T.C., 2007. Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models II: Sensitivity analysis in the CONUS domain. Atmospheric Environment 41, 6544-6560.
Nenes, A., Pandis, S.N., Pilinis, C., 1998. ISORROPIA: A new thermodynamic equilibrium model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols. Aquatic Geochemistry 4, 123-152.
Pongprueksa, P., Lin, C.J., Lindberg, S.E., Jang, C., Braverman, T., Bullock, O.R., Ho, T.C., Chu, H.W., 2008. Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models III: Boundary and initial conditions, model grid resolution, and Hg(II) reduction mechanism. Atmospheric Environment 42, 1828-1845.
Seigneur, C., Lohman, K., Vijayaraghavan, K., Jansen, J., Levin, L., 2006. Modeling atmospheric mercury deposition in the vicinity of power plants. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 56, 743-751.
Selin, N.E., Jacob, D.J., Park, R.J., Yantosca, R.M., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., Jaffe, D., 2007. Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 112.
Slemr, F., Brunke, E.G., Ebinghaus, R., Kuss, J., 2011. Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1995. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 4779-4787.
Streets, D.G., Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., 2009. Projections of Global Mercury Emissions in 2050. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 2983-2988.
Tesche, T.W., Morris, R., Tonnesen, G., McNally, D., Boylan, J., Brewer, P., 2006. CMAQ/CAMx annual 2002 performance evaluation over the eastern US. Atmospheric Environment 40, 4906-4919.
USEPA, 2007. Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses for Demonstrating Attainment of Air Quality Goals for Ozone, PM2.5, and Regional Haze, RTP.
Vijayaraghavan, K., Karamchandani, P., Seigneur, C., Balmori, R., Chen, S.-Y., 2008. Plume-in-grid modeling of atmospheric mercury. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 113.
Vijayaraghavan, K., Seigneur, C., Karamchandani, P., Chen, S.Y., 2007. Development and application of a multipollutant model for atmospheric mercury deposition. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, 1341-1353.
 Yarwood, G, Lau, S., Jia, Y., Karamchandani, P., Vijayaraghavan, K. 2003. Final Report: Modeling Atmospheric Mercury Chemistry and Deposition with CAMx for a 2002 Annual Simulation. Prepared for Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. http://www.gypsymoth.wi.gov/air/toxics/mercury/hg_X97579601_appB.pdf

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Memorandum: Ecosystem Effects for the Proposed Rule 
Adams, Evan M., and Frederick, Peter C. Effects of methylmercury and spatial complexity on foraging behavior and foraging efficiency in juvenile white ibises (Eudocimus albus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Vol 27, No. 8, 2008.  
Bergeron, CM., Bodinof, CM., Unrine, JM., Hopkins, WA. (2010a) Mercury accumulation along a contamination gradient and nondestructive indices of bioaccumulation in amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29(4), 980-988.
Bergeron, CM., Bodinof, CM., Unrine, JM., Hopkins, WA. (2010b) Bioaccumulation and maternal transfer of mercury and selenium in amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29(4), 989-997.    
Brasso, Rebecka L., and Cristol, Daniel A. Effects of mercury exposure in the reproductive success of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Ecotoxicology. 17:133-141, 2008.
Burgess, Neil M., and Meyer, Michael W. Methylmercury exposure associated with reduced productivity in common loons. Ecotoxicology. 17:83-91, 2008.
Cristol D. A., Brasso R. L., Condon A. M., Fovargue R. E., Friedman S. L.,  Hallinger K. K.,  Monroe A. P., White A. E.  (2008)  The movement of aquatic mercury through terrestrial food webs.  Science 320, 335 - 335.
Crump, Kate L., and Trudeau, Vance L. Mercury-induced reproductive impairment in fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Vol. 28, No. 5, 2009.
Ericksen, J. A., Gustin, M. S., Schorran, D. E., Johnson, D. W., Lindberg, S. E., & Coleman, J. S. (2003). Accumulation of atmospheric mercury in forest foliage. Atmospheric Environment, 37(12), 1613-1622.
Evers, D.C., 2006. Status assessment and conservation plan for the common loon (Gavia immer) in North America. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA, USA.
Evers, David C., Savoy, Lucas J., DeSorbo, Christopher R., Yates, David E., Hanson, William, Taylor, Kate M., Siegel, Lori S., Cooley, John H. Jr., Bank, Michael S., Major, Andrew, Munney, Kenneth, Mower, Barry F., Vogel, Harry S., Schoch, Nina, Pokras, Mark, Goodale, Morgan W., Fair, Jeff. Adverse effects from environmental mercury loads on breeding common loons. Ecotoxicology. 17:69-81, 2008.
Frederick, Peter, and Jayasena, Nilmini. Altered pairing behavior and reproductive success in white ibises exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of methylmercury. Proceedings of The Royal Society B. doi: 10-1098, 2010.
Gorissen, Leen, Snoeijs, Tinne, Van Duyse, Els, and Eens, Marcel. Heavy metal pollution affects dawn singing behavior in a small passerine bird. Oecologia. 145: 540-509, 2005.
Hallinger, Kelly K., Cornell, Kerri L., Brasso, Rebecka L., and Cristol, Daniel A. Mercury exposure and survival in free-living tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Ecotoxicology. Doi: 10.1007/s10646-010-0554-4, 2010.
Hawley, Dana M., Hallinger, Kelly K., Cristol, Daniel A. Compromised immune competence in free-living tree swallows exposed to mercury. Ecotoxicology. 18:499-503, 2009.
Hoffman, David J., Henny, Charles J., Hill, Elwood F., Grover, Robert A., Kaiser, James L., Stebbins, Katherine R. Mercury and drought along the lower Carson River, Nevada: III. Effects on blood and organ biochemistry and histopathology of snowy egrets and black-crowned night-herons on Lahontan Reservoir, 2002-2006. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 72: 20, 1223-1241, 2009.
Mitro, Matthew G., Evers, David C., Meyer, Michael W., and Piper, Walter H. Common loon survival rates and mercury in New England and Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Management. 72(3): 665-673, 2008.
Munthe, J., Bodaly, R. A., Branfireun, B. A., Driscoll, C. T., Gilmour, C. C., Harris, R., et al. (2007). Recovery of Mercury-Contaminated Fisheries. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(1), 33-44.
Rea, A. W., Lindberg, S. E., Scherbatskoy, T., & Keeler, G. J. (2002). Mercury Accumulation in Foliage over Time in Two Northern Mixed-Hardwood Forests. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 133(1), 49-67.
Rimmer, C. C., McFarland, K. P., Evers, D. C., Miller, E. K., Aubry, Y., Busby, D., et al. (2005). Mercury Concentrations in Bicknell's Thrush and Other Insectivorous Passerines in Montane Forests of Northeastern North America. Ecotoxicology, 14(1), 223-240.
Scheuhammer, Anton M., Meyer Michael W., Sandheinrich, Mark B., and Murray, Michael W. Effects of environmental methylmercury on the health of wild birds, mammals, and fish. Ambio. Vol.36, No.1, 2007.   
Sepulveda, Maria S., Frederick, Peter C., Spalding, Marilyn G., and Williams, Gary E. Jr. Mercury contamination in free-ranging great egret nestlings (Ardea albus) from southern Florida, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Vol. 18, No.5, 1999.
U.S EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur  -  Ecological Criteria (Final Report). EPA/600/R-08/082F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment- RTP Division, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Available at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recorddisplay.cfm?deid+201485.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1997. Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume V: Health Effects of Mercury and Mercury Compounds. EPA-452/R-97-007. U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and Office of Research and Development.	 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).  2005.  Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Final Clean Air Mercury Rule.  Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC., March; EPA report no.  EPA-452/R-05-003.  Available on the Internet at <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/mercury_ria_final.pdf
Wada, H. and Cristol, D.A. and McNabb, F.M.A. and Hopkins, W.A.  (2009) Suppressed adrenocortical responses and thyroid hormone levels in birds near a mercury-contaminated river.  Environmental Science & Technology 43(15), 6031-6038.
Wada., H., Yates, DE., Evers, DC., Taylor, RJ., Hopkins, WA. (2010) Tissue mercury concentrations and adrenocortical responses of female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) near a contaminated river. Ecotoxicology. 19(7), 1277-1284.
Yates, David E., Mayack, David T., Munney, Kenneth, Evers David C., Major, Andrew, Kaur, Taranjit, and Taylor, Robert J. Mercury levels in mink (Mustela vison) and river otter (Lonra canadensis) from northeastern North America. Ecotoxicology. 14, 263-274, 2005.

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Non-Hg Case Study Chronic Inhalation Risk Assessment for the Utility MACT "Appropriate and Necessary" Analysis, March 16, 2011. Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0234-2939 

Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. European Union Risk Assessment Report, Nickel and Nickel Compounds. 
Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program.
U.S. EPA, 2005. Guideline on Air Quality Models. 40 CFR Part 51 Appendix W. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/guidance/guide/appw_05.pdf.
US EPA, 1986, Guidelines for the Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures, EPA-630-R-98-002. 
US EPA, 2000. Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. EPA-630/R-00-002. 
World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1997. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 49, Chromium, Nickel and Welding. 


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 Supplement to the Non-Hg Case Study Chronic Inhalation Risk Assessment In Support of the Appropriate and Necessary Finding for Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Generating Units

California Department of Health Services http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/id/summary/nickel_tech_b.pdf
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata1999/99pdfs/healtheffectsinfo.pdf

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Memorandum: Emissions Overview: Hazardous Air Pollutants in Support of the Final Mercury and Air Toxics Standard 
Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., et al. (2007). A Synthesis of Progress and Uncertainties in Attributing the Sources of Mercury in Deposition. Ambio, 36(1), 19-33.
Lohman, K., Seigneur, C., Gustin, M., & Lindberg, S. (2008). Sensitivity of the global atmospheric cycle of mercury to emissions. Applied Geochemistry, 23(3), 454-466.
Marsik, F. J., G. J. Keeler, et al. (2007). "The dry-deposition of speciated mercury to the Florida Everglades: Measurements and modeling." Ibid. 41(1): 136-149.
Mason, R., Pirrone, N., & Mason, R. P. (2009). Mercury emissions from natural processes and their importance in the global mercury cycle. In Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere (pp. 173-191): Springer U.S.
Pirrone, N., Cinnirella, S., Feng, X., Finkelman, R. B., Friedli, H. R., Leaner, J., et al. (2010). Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 10(2), 4719-4752.
Schroeder, W. H. and J. Munthe (1998). "Atmospheric mercury - An overview." Atmospheric Environment 32(5): 809-822.
Seigneur, C., Vijayaraghavan, K., Lohman, K., Karamchandani, P., & Scott, C. (2004). Global Source Attribution for Mercury Speciation in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology(38), 555-569.
Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Strode, S., Jaeglé, L., et al. (2007). Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations. J. Geophys. Res, 112, 1071-1077.
Slemr, F., Brunke, E.G., Ebinghaus, R., Kuss, J., 2011. Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1995. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 4779-4787.
Streets, D.G., Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., 2009. Projections of Global Mercury Emissions in 2050. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 2983-2988.
Study on Mercury Sources and Emissions and Analysis of the Cost and Effectiveness of Control Measures "UNEP Paragraph 29 study", UNEP (DTIE)/Hg/INC.2/4. November, 2010.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), Chemicals Branch, 2008. The Global Atmospheric Mercury Assessment: Sources, Emissions and Transport, UNEP Chemicals, Geneva.  


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Technical Support Document (TSD) For the Proposed Toxics Rule:  Emissions Inventories
Arunachalam S., 2009: Peer Review of Source Apportionment Tools in CAMx and CMAQ, EP-D-07-102. University of North Carolina, Institute for the Environment, August 2009. 
EPA, 2005. Clean Air Interstate Rule Emissions Inventory Technical Support Document, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, March 005. Available at http://www.epa.gov/cair/pdfs/finaltech01.pdf. 
EPA, 2006. Regulatory Impact Analyses, 2006 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particle Pollution. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, October, 2006. Docket # EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0017, # EPAHQ-OAR-2006-0834. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/ria.html. 
EPA, 2007a. Guidance for Estimating VOC and NOx Emission Changes from MACT Rules, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Air Quality Policy Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, EPA-457/B-07-001, May 2007. 
EPA. 2007b. National Scale Modeling for the Final Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emissions Analysis and Monitoring Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, EPA 454/R-07-002, February 2007. Available at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/toxics/454r07002.pdf 
EPA, 2007c. Regulatory Impact Analysis for Final Rule: Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards Division, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, EPA420-R-07-002, February 2007. Available at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/toxics/420r07002.pdf. 
EPA, 2009. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters Per Cylinder. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards Division, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, EPA420-R-08-001a, May 2009. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/420r08001a.pdf 
EPA, 2010a RFS2 Emissions Inventory for Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document, February, 2010. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/420r10005.pdf. 

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Additional Studies cited in A&N portion Response to Comments (RTC) document not cited above

Driscoll, C. T., Han, Y.-J., Chen, C. Y., Evers, D. C., Lambert, K. F., Holsen, T. M., et al. 2007. "Mercury Contamination in Forest and Freshwater Ecosystems in the Northeastern U.S." BioScience, 57(1).
Edgerton E.S., Hartsell B.E., Jansen, J.J., 2006. "Mercury Speciation in Coal-fired Power Plant Plumes Observed at Three Surface Sites in the Southeastern US," Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 4563 - 4570.
Evans, Chris D., Don T. Monteith, David Fowler, J. Neil Cape and,Susan Brayshaw. 2011. "Hydrochloric Acid: An Overlooked Driver of Environmental Change." Environmental Science & Technology 45 (5), 1887-1894.
Finley, B. D., Swartzendruber, P. C., and Jaffe, D. A., 2009. "Particulate Hg emissions in regional wildfire plumes observed at the Mount Bachelor Observatory." Atmospheric Environment, 43(38), 6074-6083.
Hatcher, C.L., Filippelli, G.M., 2011. "Hg Cycling in an Urbanized Watershed: The Influence of Wind Distribution and Regional Subwatershed Geometry in Central Indiana, USA." Water Air and Soil Pollution 219, 251-261.
Kolker, A., Olson, M.L., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Tate, M.T., Engle, M.A., 2010. "Patterns of mercury dispersion from local and regional emission sources, rural Central Wisconsin, USA." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 4467-4476.
Lyman, S.N., Jaffe, D.A., Gustin, M.S., 2010. "Release of Hg halides from KCl denuders in the presence of ozone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 8197-8204.
Rothenberg, S.E., McKee, L., Gilbreath, A., Yee, D., Connor, M., Fu, X.W., 2010. "Wet deposition of mercury within the vicinity of a cement plant before and during cement plant maintenance." Atmospheric Environment 44, 1255-1262.
Seigneur C., Vijayaraghavan K., Lohman K., Karamchandani P., Scott C., 2004. "Global Source Attribution for Mercury Deposition in the United States," Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 555 - 569. 
White, E.M., Keeler, G.J., Landis, M.S., 2009. "Spatial Variability of Mercury Wet Deposition in Eastern Ohio: Summertime Meteorological Case Study Analysis of Local Source Influences." Environmental Science & Technology 43, 4946-4953
Wiedinmyer, C., H. Friedli, 2007. "Hg emission estimates from fires: an initial inventory for the U.S." Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 8092-8098.

