  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 MEMORANDUM

DATE:	October 9, 2007

SUBJECT:	Approaches for Calculating Baseline HAP Emissions for the Paint
and Allied Products Area Source Category  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 

FROM:	Bradley Nelson, EC/R Inc.

TO:		Dr. Mohamed Serageldin, EPA/OAQPS/SPPD/NRCG   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 

The process for developing Area Source National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for the Paint and Allied Sources
Industry located in urban areas requires estimating the population of
existing urban area source facilities.  The NESHAP defines area sources
as facilities that have a potential to emit less than 9.1 Megagrams (Mg)
per year (10 tons/yr) of any single hazardous air pollutant (HAP) or
23.7 Mg (25 tons) per year of a combination of all HAP.  The population
of urban area sources will be used to estimate baseline emissions for
the Paint and Allied Products source category, and assess existing
emission controls used by the industry.  The area sources can require
control levels which are equivalent to either maximum control technology
(MACT) or generally available control technology (GACT), as defined in
section 112 of the Clean Air Act.  The legal basis for using GACT for
area sources is discussed in "National Air Toxics Program: The
integrated Urban Strategy" (64 FR 38706, July 19, 1999).

This memorandum outlines the different approaches used to estimate
baseline urban air toxic emissions from urban area sources in the Paint
and Allied Products Manufacturing category.  This baseline HAP emissions
estimate uses data from the 2002 Census, 2002 NEI database, and the
112(k) inventory of the 33 urban air toxic pollutants for 1990. 

I.	Background

Section 112(k) requires the development of standards for area sources
which account for 90% of the emissions in urban areas of the 33 urban
HAPs listed in the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy (UATS).  The
Paint and Allied Products Manufacturing category was added to the
categories being listed pursuant to section 112(c)(3) and
112(k)(3)(B)(ii) in November 2002 (67 FR 70427).  The portion of the
1990 112(k) inventory pertinent to paint and allied products
manufacturing was compiled using the 2002 North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) codes.  These manufacturing sectors
included NAICS codes 325510 (Paint and Coating Manufacturing), 325520
(Adhesive Manufacturing), 325910 (Printing Ink Manufacturing), and
325998 (All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation
Manufacturing, which includes lead pencils and art goods).  A summary of
the 1990 baseline urban air toxics emissions that had contributions from
the Paint and Allied Products industry are presented in Table 1.  The
paint and allied products manufacturing source category was listed as
significant based on the following urban HAP emissions: benzene,
cadmium, chromium, lead, methylene chloride, and nickel.  

Table 1.  1990 Baseline Urban Air Toxics Strategy HAP Emissions

Pollutant	1990 Baseline Urban HAP Emissions 

Mg/yr (Tons/yr)	Percent Contribution of Urban Area Emissions (%)

Acrylonitrile	0.343  (0.378)	0.10

Benzene	8.62  (9.50)	0.11

Cadmium	0.227  (0.250)	0.78

Chromium	6.11  (6.73)	2.0

Formaldehyde	1.72  (1.90)	0.019

Lead	9.80  (10.8)	2.4

Manganese	0.00771  (0.00850)	0.0027

Mercury	0.00680  (0.00750)	0.014

Methylene Chloride	85.0  (93.7)	0.46

Nickel	0.119  (0.131)	0.051

Tetrachloroethylene	1.22  (1.34)	0.0016

Trichloroethylene	0.467  (0.515)	0.0040

Note:  Shaded cells indicate HAPS listed as significant in the Urban Air
Toxics Strategy for 

Paint and Allied Products manufacturing.

II.	Inventory

The 2002 Economic Census for the Paint and Coating Manufacturing,
Adhesive Manufacturing, Printing Ink Manufacturing, and Miscellaneous
Chemical Product Manufacturing were used to estimate the total number of
paint and allied products establishments (or facilities).  The 2002
Economic Census listed a total of 1,409 Paint and Coating Manufacturing,
585 Adhesive Manufacturing, 508 Printing Ink Manufacturing
establishments, and 20 Miscellaneous Chemical Product Manufacturing
establishments operating in the U.S.  The census reported that 31 States
have Paint and Allied Products manufacturing facilities with California
having the largest number of facilities with a total of 301, and Texas
with the second largest number at 166.  The census also provides a
breakdown of the size of the facilities by number of employees.  A
summary table of the employee sizes classes is provided in Table 2.  
The table shows that majority of Paint and Allied Products facilities
have less than 50 employees

Table 2.  Employment Size Class of Paint and Allied Coatings Facilities

Employment Size	Total Number of Facilities	NAICS 325510 Facilities	NAICS
325520 Facilities	NAICS 325910 Facilities	NAICS 325998 Facilities

1 to 4 employees	734	471	158	105	-

5 to 9 employees	383	205	80	98	-

10 to 19 employees	447	228	102	117	-

20 to 49 employees	522	281	124	117	-

50 to 99 employees	229	107	66	56	-

100 to 249 employees	157	94	49	14	-

250 to 499 employees	26	19	6	1	-

500 to 999 employees	3	3	-	-	-

1,000 to 2,499 employees	1	1	-	-	-

2,500 employees or more	-	-	-	-	-

Total	2,502	1,409	585	508	20

Note:  The census did not provide information on the employment size for
NAICS 325998 facilities.

	The next step is to identify the Paint and Allied Products facilities
that are urban area sources.  The 2002 NEI database indentifies whether
a facility is a major or area source, however there is no information
regarding whether a facility is urban or rural.  The Clean Air Act does
not provide a definition of what constitutes an urban area.  Therefore,
two methods were used to categorize the facilities found in the 2002 NEI
database as either urban or rural.  The first method uses the Bureau of
the Census statistical data that designates urban and rural areas within
every county in the U.S.  The Bureau of Census designations are;

Urban-1 (U1) counties that include a metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
with a population greater than 250,000;

 Urban-2 (U2) counties that do not include a MSA with a population
greater than 250,000, but the Bureau of Census designates more than 50
percent of the county population as urban; and

Rural (R) counties that do not include a MSA with a population greater
than 250,000, and the Bureau of Census designates more than 50 percent
of the county population as rural.

The second method for designating area source facilities uses the Bureau
of Census population densities to break up the areas into urban and
rural areas.  The designations are:

An urban cluster (UC) consists of densely settled territory that has at
least 2,500 people but fewer than 50,000 people; and

An urbanized area (UA) consists of densely settled territory that
contains 50,000 or more people.

	In addition to these urban areas and clusters, a 3 or 6 mile buffer
surrounding these densely populated areas are also designated as urban. 


To obtain the number and distribution of urban area source facilities, a
search of the 2002 National Emission Inventory (NEI) database was
conducted using the following Paint and Allied Products manufacturing
NAICS codes: 325510, 325520, 325910, and 325998.  The 2002 NEI database
search generated a list of 991 facilities in the Paint and Allied
Products category.  The NEI database provided latitude and longitude
information that allowed the facilities to be designated as urban or
rural.  The 2002 NEI database search identified 326 facilities that were
classified in the database as major sources, and 665 facilities that
were classified as area sources.  The area source emissions were then
subcategorized into urban and rural area using the U1/U2 and UA/UC
designations.  The area source emissions were then summed for each
individual urban air toxic pollutant for both urban and rural facilities
based on the U1/U2 and UA/UC designations.  A summary of the urban and
rural designations using both the U1/U2 designations and the UA/UC
designations are provided in Tables 3 and 4.

The tables show that nearly all of the Paint and Allied Products
facilities identified in the NEI database are located in urban areas. 
In the Urban Air Strategy, EPA noted that applying standards only in the
urban areas could negatively impact economic opportunities in the urban
areas and could, in some cases, encourage urban sprawl.  In addition,
there may be disproportionate public health risk for people,
particularly sensitive populations such as children, in smaller cities
or rural areas that might be located near area sources.  Therefore, EPA
believes that it is practical and appropriate to apply the area source
standards under section 112(k) to the Paint and Allied Products sector
nationally.  Therefore,  this memorandum will apply the approaches to
all area sources in the Paint and Allied Products sector when
determining baseline emissions.

Table 3.  Urban/Rural Designations Using the U1/U2 Method for the Paint
and Allied Products Area Source Facilities from the 2002 NEI Database

NAICS	Total	Urban-1	Urban-2	Rural

325510 (Paint Mfg)	450	386	34	30

325520 (Adhesive Mfg)	142	120	15	7

325910 (Printing Ink Mfg)	69	59	10	0

325998 (Misc Mfg)	4	2	1	1

Total	665	567	60	38



Table 4.  Urban/Rural Designations Using the UA/UC Method for the Paint
and Allied Products Area Source Facilities from the 2002 NEI Database

NAICS	Total	Urban

Area	Urban

Cluster	3-Mile Buffer	6-Mile Buffer	Rural

325510	450	319	18	16	55	42

325520	142	100	3	10	17	12

325910	69	45	0	4	14	6

325998	4	2	0	1	0	1

Total	665	466	21	31	86	61



III.	Estimation of Baseline HAP Emissions

A summary of the urban air toxic emissions and the number of facilities
reporting those emissions are presented in Tables 5, 6, and 7.  The 2002
NEI database only contains names and HAP emissions data for 991 out of a
total of 2,502 facilities as counted in the 2002 Census.  Therefore,
assumptions were made to estimate emissions for the 1,511 facilities
that are not present in the 2002 NEI database.  It is likely that the
majority of the 1,511 unidentified facilities are area sources.  This
assumption is consistent with the information provided in the 2002
Census.  According to the 2002 census reports, the majority of Paint and
Allied Products facilities have 49 employees or less (2,086 out of
2,502).  These smaller facilities produce less than 765,000 gallons of
coatings per year.  Facilities of this size produce emissions of less
than 2 Megagrams of HAP per year.  Therefore these facilities would be
considered area sources.

Production and HAP emissions data from the 2002 NEI database showed that
HAP emissions from facilities that produce less than 1 million gallons
of coatings per year have higher HAP emissions per gallon of coatings
produced than facilities that produce larger quantities of coatings. 
This is expected since many of the major source facilities are required
to meet the standards in the National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants: Miscellaneous Coating Manufacturing.  The HAP emissions
data for the facilities that produce less than 1 million gallons per
year shows that the HAP emissions are fairly grouped together and there
is no direct relationship between HAP emissions and facility size. 
Therefore, an analysis of the emissions was not done using the model
plant method.  A summary of the production data, HAP emissions, and
statistics are provided in Appendix B.

Table 5.  Summary of Area Source Urban Air Toxics Emissions from 2002
NEI Database

Paint and Coating Manufacturing (NAICS: 325510)

Urban Air Toxics Pollutant	2002 NEI Urban Emissions

U1/U2 Method

(Mg/yr)	Number of U1/U2 Urban Facilities Listed in 2002 NEI	2002 NEI
Urban

Emissions

UA/UC Method

(Mg/yr)	Number of UA/UC Urban Facilities Listed in 2002 NEI

325510 - Paint and Coating Manufacturing

Benzene	0.181	55	0.181	56

Cadmium	0.000595	30	0.000614	31

Cadmium & Compounds	0.00227	4	0.00227	4

Chromium	0.00227	31	0.000817	31

Chromium & Compounds	0.611	24	0.609	21

Lead	0.0311	38	0.0246	38

Lead & Compounds	0.909	50	0.907	48

Methylene Chloride	35.6	17	35.6	17

Nickel	0.360	32	0.360	33

Nickel & Compounds	0.114	6	0.114	6

Acrylonitrile	0.120	3	0.114	2

Formaldehyde	1.74	60	1.74	60

Manganese	0.00285	32	0.00285	33

Manganese & Compounds	0.00918	8	0.00918	8

Mercury	0.000138	11	0.000138	11

Mercury & Compounds	-	-	-	-

Tetrachloroethylene	0.666	2	0.666	2

Trichloroethylene	0.358	2	0.131	1

Total HAP	949	420	925	408

Note:  Shaded cells indicate HAPS listed as significant in the Urban Air
Toxics Strategy for Paint and Allied Products manufacturing.

Table 6.  Summary of Area Source Urban Air Toxics Emissions from 2002
NEI Database

Adhesive Manufacturing (NAICS: 325520)

Urban Air Toxics Pollutant	2002 NEI Urban Emissions

U1/U2 Method

(Mg/yr)	Number of U1/U2 Urban Facilities Listed in 2002 NEI	2002 NEI
Urban

Emissions

UA/UC Method

(Mg/yr)	Number of UA/UC Urban Facilities Listed in 2002 NEI

325520 – Adhesive and Coating Manufacturing

Benzene	0.000491	20	0.000491	20

Cadmium	0.000267	11	0.000267	11

Cadmium & Compounds	0.00000500	2	0.00000500	2

Chromium	0.000334	11	0.000334	11

Chromium & Compounds	0.00000636	2	0.00000636	2

Lead	0.00167	14	0.00167	14

Lead & Compounds	0.0133	4	0.000184	3

Methylene Chloride	24.7	12	18.5	11

Nickel	0.000491	11	0.000491	11

Nickel & Compounds	0.00000955	2	0.00000955	2

Acrylonitrile	0.172	1	0.172	1

Formaldehyde	0.227	23	0.227	23

Manganese	0.000125	11	0.000125	11

Manganese & Compounds	0.00000173	2	0.00000173	2

Mercury	0.0000200	3	0.0000200	3

Mercury & Compounds	0.000454	1	0.000454	1

Tetrachloroethylene	0.884	5	0.875	4

Trichloroethylene	9.87	5	9.87	5

Total HAP	234	135	222	130

Note:  Shaded cells indicate HAPS listed as significant in the Urban Air
Toxics Strategy for Paint and Allied Products manufacturing.

Table 7.  Summary of Area Source Urban Air Toxics Emissions from 2002
NEI Database

Printing Ink Manufacturing (NAICS: 325910)

Urban Air Toxics Pollutant	2002 NEI Urban Emissions

U1/U2 Method

(Mg/yr)	Number of U1/U2 Urban Facilities Reported in 2002 NEI	2002 NEI
Urban

Emissions

UA/UC Method

(Mg/yr)	Number of UA/UC Urban Facilities Reported in 2002 NEI

325910 – Printing Ink and Coating Manufacturing

Benzene	0.000148	10	0.000148	9

Cadmium	0.0000742	7	0.0000742	7

Cadmium & Compounds	-	-	-	-

Chromium	0.0000942	7	0.0000942	7

Chromium & Compounds	0.0218	1	0.0218	1

Lead	0.0000355	7	0.0000355	7

Lead & Compounds	0.150	5	0.150	5

Methylene Chloride	-	-	-	-

Nickel	0.000141	7	0.000141	7

Nickel & Compounds	-	-	-	-

Acrylonitrile	-	-	-	-

Formaldehyde	0.0221	11	0.0221	10

Manganese	0.0000268	7	0.0000268	7

Manganese & Compounds	-	-	-	-

Mercury	0.000000703	1	0.000000703	1

Mercury & Compounds	-	-	-	-

Tetrachloroethylene	-	-	-	-

Trichloroethylene	-	-	-	-

Total HAP	87.0	69	83.7	63

Note:  Shaded cells indicate HAPS listed as significant in the Urban Air
Toxics Strategy for Paint and Allied Products manufacturing.

Scaling Up Baseline Emissions

Two methods were used to scale up baseline emissions; (1) multiplying
the total number of unidentified urban area sources by the 2002 NEI
emissions per NAICS category for each pollutant, and (2) multiplying the
HAP area source emission factor for each pollutant by the ratio of area
source facilities for each of the NAICS categories.  The first baseline
emissions estimation method assumes that all of the unidentified
facilities emit an average facility emission rate for all of the HAPs
listed for urban area sources.  This method would provide a “worst
case” scenario for all of the listed urban HAPs.  The second baseline
emissions estimation method assumes that the unidentified facilities
emit HAPs based on the same urban area source distribution as the
facilities in the 2002 NEI database.  This method may provide a more
accurate estimate of the urban HAP emissions coming from Paint and
Allied Products industry.

A third method for estimating baseline emissions was also considered. 
This method relied on the paint production data to calculate an emission
factor for each the urban air toxic pollutants.  However, production
data was not provided by most facilities in the 2002 NEI database. 
Therefore this method was not used to estimate baseline emissions from
the Paint and Allied Products industry.  

To estimate the proportion of the 1,511 unidentified area source
facilities located in urban areas, the ratio of the known urban to total
area source facilities was used.  For the U1/U2 designated facilities,
the total number of area source urban facilities was 627 out of 665
(94.3%) total area source facilities.  Therefore using the U1/U2 ratio,
1,425 of the 1,511 unidentified facilities are estimated to be located
in urban areas.  For the UA/UC designated facilities, the total number
of area source urban facilities was 604 out of 665 (90.8%) total area
source facilities.  Using the UA/UC ratio, 1,372 of the 1,511
unidentified facilities are estimated to be located in urban areas.  

These unidentified urban are source facilities are further divided among
the four NAICS categories using the distributions for both the U1/U2 and
UA/UC designations found in the 2002 NEI database shown in Table 3.  The
distribution results for the unidentified facilities are presented in
Table 8.

Table 8.  Distribution of Unidentified Using the U1/U2 and UA/UC Methods
for the Paint and Allied Products Area Source Facilities from the 2002
NEI Database

NAICS	Total U1/U2 Urban Area Source Facilities	Unidentified Urban Area
Source Facilities	Total UA/UC Urban Area Source Facilities	Unidentified
Urban Area Source Facilities

325510 (Paint Mfg)	420	954	408	927

325520 (Adhesive Mfg)	135	307	130	295

325910 (Printing Ink Mfg)	69	157	63	143

325998 (Misc Mfg)	3	7	3	7

Total	627	1,425	604	1,372



Method 1 Baseline Emissions Calculation

	As was indicated before, 1,425 of the 1,511 facilities are located in
an urban area using the U1/U2 designation, and 1,372 of the 1,511
facilities are urban areas using the UA/UC designation.  This method
assumes that each of the urban area source facilities emits all twelve
urban air toxics identified in the Urban Air Toxics Strategy for the
Paint and Allied Products sector (see Table 1).  This method provides a
“worst case” scenario of the baseline emissions for each of these
urban air toxic pollutants for each of the NAICS categories.  

A summary of the baseline emission results is presented in Table 9.  A
summary of the calculations for all of the other air toxic pollutants
are presented in Table A-1 in the Appendix.  An example of the benzene
calculation for the Paint and Coating Manufacturing NAICS: 325510)
category is provided below: 

(954) * (0.00329 Mg/yr) = 3.14 Mg/yr

Where,

927 = Number of unidentified Paint and Coating Manufacturing (NAICS -
325510) urban area source facilities based on the U1/U2 designation,

0.00329 Mg/yr = The average 2002 NEI emissions for the Paint and Coating
Manufacturing (NAICS – 325510) category per U1/U2 urban reporting
facility,

3.14 Mg/yr = Total benzene emissions for the unidentified Paint and
Coating Manufacturing (NAICS - 325510) urban area source facilities.

The total urban baseline emissions are calculated by summing up the 2002
NEI Paint and Coating Manufacturing category U1/U2 urban emissions with
the emissions from the unidentified Paint and Coating Manufacturing
urban area source facilities.  The example calculation for benzene is
shown below;

3.14 Mg/yr + 0.181 Mg/yr = 3.32 Mg/yr

Where,

3.14 Mg/yr = Total benzene emissions from the 927 Paint and Coating
Manufacturing (NAICS – 325510) unidentified urban facilities,

0.181 Mg/yr = Total benzene emissions from the Paint and Coating
Manufacturing (NAICS – 325510) U1/U2 urban area source facilities in
the 2002 NEI database,

3.32 Mg/yr = Total benzene emissions from the Paint and Coating
Manufacturing (NAICS – 325510) U1/U2 designated urban area source
facilities.

The equations for the UA/UC designated Paint and Coating Manufacturing
facilities using this method are similar with the exception of; 927 is
used as the number of unidentified urban area source Paint and Coating
Manufacturing facilities, and the 2002 NEI emissions per UA/UC urban
Paint and Coating Manufacturing facility is based on the emissions and
number of facilities using the UA/UC designations. 

Method 2 Baseline Emissions Calculation

	This method is similar to the first method except that the ratio of
reporting facilities is multiplied by the total number on unidentified
area source facilities for each of the NAICS categories.  This method
takes into account that not all of the facilities emit the same urban
air HAPs.  As an example for benzene, only 55 of the 420 U1/U2 urban
area source Paint and Coating Manufacturing (NAICS – 325510)
facilities reported emissions for benzene.  This may be due to the
facility not using benzene or materials with benzene in their
manufacturing process, or the State or facility did not report benzene
emissions to the NEI database.  For the purposes of this calculation,
the assumption was made those facilities that did not report emissions
for an individual urban air toxics pollutant because they did not have
emissions of that pollutant in 2002.  Therefore the ratio of facilities
that reported emissions for each individual urban air toxic pollutant
also applies to the undefined area source facilities.  A summary of the
baseline emission results is presented in Table 9.  A summary of the
calculations for all of the other air toxic pollutants are presented in
Table A-2 in the Appendix.  

An example of the emissions calculation for benzene is shown below;

(954) * (55/420) * (0.00329 Mg/yr) = 0.410 Mg/yr

Where,

954 = Number of unidentified urban area source Paint and Coating
Manufacturing (325510) facilities based on the U1/U2 designation,

55 = Number of U1/U2 designated urban area source Paint and Coating
Manufacturing (325510) facilities that reported benzene emission in the
2002 NEI,

420 = Number of U1/U2 designated urban area source Paint and Coating
Manufacturing (325510) facilities in the 2002 NEI,

0.00329 Mg/yr = The average 2002 NEI emissions per U1/U2 urban reporting
Paint and Coating Manufacturing (325510) facility,

0.410 Mg/yr = Total benzene emissions for the unidentified urban area
source Paint and Coating Manufacturing (325510) facilities.

The total benzene baseline emissions for the Paint and Coating
Manufacturing category are calculated by summing up the 2002 NEI
emissions with the emissions from the unidentified area source Paint and
Coating Manufacturing facilities.  The example calculation for benzene
is shown below;

0.410 Mg/yr + 0.181 Mg/yr = 0.591 Mg/yr

Where,

0.410 Mg/yr = Total benzene emissions from the 394 unidentified urban
Paint and Coating Manufacturing (325510) facilities,

0.181 Mg/yr = Total benzene emissions from the U1/U2 urban area source
Paint and Coating Manufacturing (325510) facilities in the 2002 NEI
database,

0.591 Mg/yr = Total benzene emissions from U1/U2 designated urban area
source Paint and Coating Manufacturing (325510) facilities.

The equations for the UA/UC designated Paint and Coating Manufacturing
facilities using this method are similar with the exception of; 927 is
used as the number of unidentified urban area source facilities, 56 is
used as the number of UA/UC designated Paint and Coating Manufacturing
urban area sources that listed emissions in the 2002 NEI database, and
the 2002 NEI emissions per UA/UC urban reporting facility is based on
the emissions and number of facilities using the UA/UC designations. 

Table 9.  Summary of 2002 Urban Area Source Air Toxics Baseline
Emissions

All NAICS Categories 325510, 325520, 325910, 325998

Urban Air Toxics Pollutant	U1/U2 Designated

2002 Baseline Emissions	UA/UC Designated

2002 Baseline Emissions

	Method 1 (Mg/yr)	Method 2 (Mg/yr)	Method 1 (Mg/yr)	Method 2 (Mg/yr)

Benzene	3.55	0.684	3.40	0.685

Cadmium	0.0290	0.00306	0.0280	0.00312

Cadmium & Compounds	0.545	0.00745	0.530	0.00745

Chromium	0.0840	0.00883	0.0366	0.00407

Chromium & Compounds	28.4	2.07	30.6	2.06

Lead	0.851	0.107	0.662	0.0860

Lead & Compounds	24.2	3.51	22.9	3.46

Methylene Chloride	2693	198	2494	177

Nickel	11.1	1.18	10.5	1.18

Nickel & Compounds	18.4	0.400	17.9	0.400

Acrylonitrile	91.5	0.958	104	0.935

Formaldehyde	33.0	6.51	32.2	6.52

Manganese	0.0919	0.00981	0.0870	0.00983

Manganese & Compounds	1.29	0.106	1.25	0.106

Mercury	0.0143	0.000519	0.0138	0.000519

Mercury & Compounds	0.140	0.00149	0.134	0.00148

Tetrachloroethylene	373	5.07	375	5.04

Trichloroethylene	787	33.6	714	32.8

Total HAP	4,162	1,444	4,031	1,365

Note:  Shaded cells indicate HAPS listed as significant in the Urban Air
Toxics Strategy for Paint and Allied Products manufacturing.

III.	Summary of Results

	The 2002 total baseline HAP emissions for the Paint and Allied Products
industry calculates to be 4,162 Megagrams per year using Method 1, and
1,444 Megagrams per year using Method 2 for U1/U2 designated facilities.
 The 2002 total baseline HAP emissions for the Paint and Allied Products
industry calculates to be 4,031 Megagrams per year Using Method 1, and
1,365 Megagrams per year using Method 2 for UA/UC designated facilities.
 The two baseline estimation methods provided different emission results
for each of the urban air toxics pollutants.  As described earlier in
this memorandum, the Method 1 calculation provides a conservative
emission estimate for the unidentified urban area sources.  The method
assumed that all of the unidentified urban area source facilities have
emissions from each of the urban air toxic pollutants, and thus provides
a “worst case” scenario of the urban air toxic emissions.  Method 2
assumes that the unidentified urban area source facilities do not emit
the same urban air toxic pollutants, and instead follows the emission
distribution profiles of the urban area source facilities identified in
the 2002 NEI database.  This method may provide a more accurate estimate
of the actual emissions from urban area source facilities in 2002.

	The differences between using the U1/U2 or the UA/UC urban designations
did not have much effect on the emission estimations.  The main
difference was the U1/U2 method assumed that 1,425 of the unidentified
facilities were urban area sources, whereas the UA/UC method assumed
1,372 of the unidentified facilities were urban area sources.  

A comparison of the 2002 individual urban area source air toxics for
both baseline emission estimation methods using the U1/U2 designations
and the 1990 baseline urban area source air toxic emissions is presented
in Table 10.  The table shows that the urban air toxic emissions have
increased for cadmium and compounds, chromium and compounds, lead and
compounds, methylene chloride, nickel and compounds, acrylonitrile,
formaldehyde, manganese and coumpounds, tetrachloroethylene, and
trichloroethylene from the 1990 levels in comparison to the 2002 Method
1 emissions estimations.  In comparison to the Method 2 baseline
emission estimates, methylene chloride, nickel and compounds,
acrylonitrile, formaldehyde, manganese and coumpounds,
tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene have increased beyond the
1990 baseline emissions.  The 2002 Method 1 emissions of chromium and
mercury emissions have increased in comparison to the 1990 emissions. 
The majority of these urban air toxic pollutants are volatile HAPs with
the exceptions of cadmium, lead, nickel and manganese, which are
considered particulate HAP.  Only benzene, cadmium, chromium, lead,
methylene chloride and nickel are listed as significant urban air toxic
pollutants.

The comparison of the 2002 individual urban area source air toxics for
both baseline emission estimation methods using the UA/UC designations
and the 1990 baseline urban area source air toxics emissions is
presented in Table 11.  This urban designation gave similar results as
the U1/U2 designated sources.  The table shows that the urban air toxic
emissions have increased for cadmium and compounds, chromium and
compounds, lead and compounds, methylene chloride, nickel and compounds,
acrylonitrile, formaldehyde, manganese and coumpounds,
tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene from the 1990 levels in
comparison to the 2002 Method 1 emissions estimations.  

Table 10.  Comparison of 1990 Baseline Urban Air Toxic Pollutants and
the U1/U2 Designated 2002 Baseline Urban Air Toxic Emissions

Urban Air Toxics Pollutant	1990 Baseline Urban HAP Emissions (Mg/yr)
2002 Baseline Urban HAP Emissions Method 1 (Mg/yr)	2002 Baseline Urban
HAP Emissions Method 2 (Mg/yr)

Benzene	8.62	3.55	0.684

Cadmium & Compounds	0.2227	0.574	0.0105

Chromium & Compounds	6.11	28.4	2.08

Lead & Compounds	9.80	25.0	3.62

Methylene Chloride	85.0	2,693	198

Nickel & Compounds	0.119	29.5	1.58

Acrylonitrile	0.343	91.5	0.958

Formaldehyde	1.72	33.0	6.51

Manganese & Compounds	0.00771	1.38	0.115

Mercury & Compounds	0.00680	0.154	0.00200

Tetrachloroethylene	1.22	373	5.07

Trichloroethylene	0.467	787	33.6

Note:  Shaded cells indicate HAPS listed as significant in the Urban Air
Toxics Strategy for Paint and Allied Products manufacturing.

Table 11.  Comparison of 1990 Baseline Urban Air Toxic Pollutants and
the UA/UC Designated 2002 Baseline Urban Air Toxic Emissions

Urban Air Toxics Pollutant	1990 Baseline Urban Area Source HAP Emissions
(Mg/yr)	2002 Baseline Urban Area Source HAP Emissions Method 1 (Mg/yr)
2002 Baseline Urban Area Source HAP Emissions Method 2 (Mg/yr)

Benzene	8.62	3.40	0.685

Cadmium & Compounds	0.227	0.558	0.0106

Chromium & Compounds	6.11	30.7	2.07

Lead & Compounds	9.80	23.5	3.55

Methylene Chloride	85.0	2,494	177

Nickel & Compounds	0.119	28.3	1.58

Acrylonitrile	0.343	104	0.935

Formaldehyde	1.72	32.2	6.52

Manganese & Compounds	0.00771	1.34	0.115

Mercury & Compounds	0.00680	0.148	0.00200

Tetrachloroethylene	1.22	375	5.04

Trichloroethylene	0.467	714	32.8

Note:  Shaded cells indicate HAPS listed as significant in the Urban Air
Toxics Strategy for Paint and Allied Products manufacturing.



Appendix A

Supporting Spreadsheets



Table A-1.  Summary of Urban Area Source Baseline HAP Emissions Using
2002 NEI Database

U1/U2 Designations







	Urban Air Toxic	2002 NEI HAP Emissions (Mg/yr)	Number of Urban Area
Sources	2002 NEI HAP Emission per Facility	Method 1 Emissions (Mg/yr)
Method 2 Emissions (Mg/yr)

325510  Paint & Coating Manufacturing	 	 	 	 

Benzene	0.181	55	3.29E-03	3.32	0.591

Cadmium	0.000595	30	1.98E-05	0.0195	0.00195

Cadmium & Compounds	0.00227	4	5.68E-04	0.544	0.00743

Chromium	0.00227	31	7.33E-05	0.0722	0.00743

Chromium & Compounds	0.611	24	2.55E-02	24.9	2.00

Lead	0.0311	38	8.19E-04	0.812	0.102

Lead & Compounds	0.909	50	1.82E-02	18.3	2.97

Methylene Chloride	35.6	17	2.10E+00	2035	117

Nickel	0.360	32	1.12E-02	11.1	1.18

Nickel & Compounds	0.114	6	1.91E-02	18.3	0.374

Acrylonitrile	0.120	3	4.01E-02	38.4	0.394

Formaldehyde	1.74	60	2.90E-02	29.4	5.69

Manganese	0.00285	32	8.89E-05	0.0877	0.00931

Manganese & Compounds	0.00918	8	1.15E-03	1.10	0.0300

Mercury	0.000138	11	1.25E-05	0.0121	0.000451

Mercury & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Tetrachloroethylene	0.666	2	3.33E-01	318	2.18

Trichloroethylene	0.358	2	1.79E-01	171	1.17

Total HAPs	                                949 	420	2.26E+00	           
               3,104 	                           1,071 

325520 Adhesive Manufacturing	 	 	 	 	 

Benzene	0.000491	20	2.45E-05	0.00803	0.00161

Cadmium	0.000267	11	2.43E-05	0.00771	0.000874

Cadmium & Compounds	0.00000500	2	2.50E-06	0.000773	0.0000164

Chromium	0.000334	11	3.04E-05	0.00966	0.00109

Chromium & Compounds	0.00000636	2	3.18E-06	0.000983	0.0000208

Lead	0.00167	14	1.19E-04	0.0382	0.00545

Lead & Compounds	0.0133	4	3.33E-03	1.04	0.0437

Methylene Chloride	24.7	12	2.06E+00	658	81.0

Nickel	0.000491	11	4.47E-05	0.0142	0.00161

Nickel & Compounds	0.00000955	2	4.77E-06	0.00147	0.0000313

Acrylonitrile	0.172	1	1.72E-01	53.1	0.564

Formaldehyde	0.227	23	9.87E-03	3.26	0.743

Manganese	0.000125	11	1.14E-05	0.00362	0.000410

Manganese & Compounds	0.00000173	2	8.64E-07	0.000267	0.00000566

Mercury	0.0000200	3	6.68E-06	0.00207	0.0000656

Mercury & Compounds	0.000454	1	4.54E-04	0.140	0.00149

Tetrachloroethylene	0.884	5	1.77E-01	55.1	2.89

Trichloroethylene	9.87	5	1.97E+00	616	32.3

Total HAPs	                                234 	135	1.74E+00	           
                    767 	                                265 



Table A-1.  Summary of Urban Area Source Baseline HAP Emissions Using
2002 NEI Database

U1/U2 Designations (Continued)







	Urban Air Toxic	2002 NEI HAP Emissions (Mg/yr)	Number of Urban Area
Sources	2002 NEI HAP Emission per Facility	Method 1 Emissions (Mg/yr)
Method 2 Emissions (Mg/yr)

325910 Printing Ink Manufacturing	 	 	 	 

Benzene	0.000148	10	1.48E-05	0.00247	0.000484

Cadmium	0.0000742	7	1.06E-05	0.00174	0.000243

Cadmium & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Chromium	0.0000942	7	1.35E-05	0.00221	0.000309

Chromium & Compounds	0.0218	1	2.18E-02	3.44	0.0713

Lead	0.0000355	7	5.07E-06	0.000832	0.000116

Lead & Compounds	0.150	5	2.99E-02	4.85	0.490

Methylene Chloride	 	 	 	 	 

Nickel	0.000141	7	2.01E-05	0.00330	0.000462

Nickel & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Acrylonitrile	 	 	 	 	 

Formaldehyde	0.0221	11	2.01E-03	0.338	0.0724

Manganese	0.0000268	7	3.83E-06	0.000628	0.0000877

Manganese & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Mercury	0.000000703	1	7.03E-07	0.000111	0.00000230

Mercury & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Tetrachloroethylene	 	 	 	 	 

Trichloroethylene	 	 	 	 	 

Total HAPs	                              87.0 	69	1.26E+00	             
                  285 	                                105 

325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation
Manufacturing	 	 

Benzene	0.0272	1	2.72E-02	0.218	0.0907

Cadmium	 	 	 	 	 

Cadmium & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Chromium	 	 	 	 	 

Chromium & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Lead	 	 	 	 	 

Lead & Compounds	0.000907	1	9.07E-04	0.00726	0.00302

Methylene Chloride	0.0699	1	6.99E-02	0.559	0.233

Nickel	 	 	 	 	 

Nickel & Compounds	0.00771	1	7.71E-03	0.0617	0.0257

Acrylonitrile	 	 	 	 	 

Formaldehyde	 	 	 	 	 

Manganese	 	 	 	 	 

Manganese & Compounds	0.0227	1	2.27E-02	0.181	0.0756

Mercury	 	 	 	 	 

Mercury & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Tetrachloroethylene	 	 	 	 	 

Trichloroethylene	0.0181	1	1.81E-02	0.145	0.0605

Total HAPs	                              1.62 	3	5.39E-01	5.39	         
                    2.87 





Table A-1.  Summary of Urban Area Source Baseline HAP Emissions Using
2002 NEI Database

U1/U2 Designations (Continued)







	Urban Air Toxic	2002 NEI HAP Emissions (Mg/yr)	Number of Urban Area
Source Facilities	2002 NEI HAP Emission per Facility	Method 1 Emissions
(Mg/yr)	Method 2 Emissions (Mg/yr)

325510, 325520, 325910, 325998 Totals	 	 	 	 

Benzene	0.209	86	-	3.55	0.684

Cadmium	0.000936	48	-	0.0290	0.00306

Cadmium & Compounds	0.00228	6	-	0.545	0.00745

Chromium	0.00270	49	-	0.0840	0.00883

Chromium & Compounds	0.633	27	-	28.4	2.07

Lead	0.0328	59	-	0.851	0.1073

Lead & Compounds	1.07	60	-	24.2	3.51

Methylene Chloride	60.4	30	-	2693	198

Nickel	0.360	50	-	11.10	1.179

Nickel & Compounds	0.122	9	-	18.37	0.400

Acrylonitrile	0.293	4	-	91.5	0.958

Formaldehyde	1.99	94	-	33.0	6.51

Manganese	0.00300	50	-	0.0919	0.00981

Manganese & Compounds	0.0319	11	-	1.29	0.1056

Mercury	0.000158	15	-	0.01427	0.000519

Mercury & Compounds	0.000454	1	-	0.1397	0.001485

Tetrachloroethylene	1.55	7	-	373	5.07

Trichloroethylene	10.2	8	-	787	33.6

Total HAPs	                           1,272 	627	-	                     
     4,162 	                           1,444 





Table A-2.  Summary of Urban Area Source Baseline HAP Emissions Using
2002 NEI Database

UA/UC Designations







	Urban Air Toxic	2002 NEI HAP Emissions (Mg/yr)	Number of Urban Area
Sources	2002 NEI HAP Emission per Facility	Method 1 Emissions (Mg/yr)
Method 2 Emissions (Mg/yr)

325510  Paint & Coating Manufacturing	 	 	 	 

Benzene	0.181	56	3.23E-03	3.17	0.592

Cadmium	0.000614	31	1.98E-05	0.0190	0.00201

Cadmium & Compounds	0.00227	4	5.68E-04	0.529	0.00744

Chromium	0.000817	31	2.63E-05	0.0252	0.00267

Chromium & Compounds	0.609	21	2.90E-02	27.5	1.99

Lead	0.0246	38	6.47E-04	0.625	0.0805

Lead & Compounds	0.907	48	1.89E-02	18.4	2.97

Methylene Chloride	35.6	17	2.10E+00	1978	117

Nickel	0.360	33	1.09E-02	10.5	1.18

Nickel & Compounds	0.114	6	1.91E-02	17.8	0.374

Acrylonitrile	0.114	2	5.68E-02	52.8	0.372

Formaldehyde	1.74	60	2.91E-02	28.7	5.71

Manganese	0.00285	33	8.64E-05	0.0830	0.00933

Manganese & Compounds	0.00918	8	1.15E-03	1.07	0.0300

Mercury	0.000138	11	1.25E-05	0.0117	0.000451

Mercury & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Tetrachloroethylene	0.666	2	3.33E-01	309	2.18

Trichloroethylene	0.131	1	1.31E-01	122	0.429

Total HAPs	                                925 	408	2.27E+00	           
               3,027 	                           1,047 

325520 Adhesive Manufacturing	 	 	 	 	 

Benzene	0.000491	20	2.45E-05	0.00773	0.00161

Cadmium	0.000267	11	2.43E-05	0.00742	0.000872

Cadmium & Compounds	0.00000500	2	2.50E-06	0.000743	0.0000163

Chromium	0.000334	11	3.04E-05	0.00930	0.00109

Chromium & Compounds	0.00000636	2	3.18E-06	0.000945	0.0000208

Lead	0.00167	14	1.19E-04	0.0368	0.00545

Lead & Compounds	0.000184	3	6.12E-05	0.0182	0.000601

Methylene Chloride	18.5	11	1.68E+00	515	60.6

Nickel	0.000491	11	4.47E-05	0.0137	0.00161

Nickel & Compounds	0.00000955	2	4.77E-06	0.00142	0.0000312

Acrylonitrile	0.172	1	1.72E-01	51.0	0.564

Formaldehyde	0.227	23	9.87E-03	3.14	0.742

Manganese	0.000125	11	1.14E-05	0.00349	0.000410

Manganese & Compounds	0.00000173	2	8.64E-07	0.000257	0.00000565

Mercury	0.0000200	3	6.68E-06	0.00199	0.0000655

Mercury & Compounds	0.000454	1	4.54E-04	0.134	0.00148

Tetrachloroethylene	0.875	4	2.19E-01	65.4	2.86

Trichloroethylene	9.87	5	1.97E+00	592	32.3

Total HAPs	                                222 	130	1.71E+00	           
                    726 	                                231 





Table A-2.  Summary of Urban Area Source Baseline HAP Emissions Using
2002 NEI Database

UA/UC Designations







	Urban Air Toxic	2002 NEI HAP Emissions (Mg/yr)	Number of Urban Area
Sources	2002 NEI HAP Emission per Facility	Method 1 Emissions (Mg/yr)
Method 2 Emissions (Mg/yr)

325910 Printing Ink Manufacturing	 	 	 	 

Benzene	0.000148	9	1.64E-05	0.00250	0.000483

Cadmium	0.0000742	7	1.06E-05	0.00159	0.000243

Cadmium & Compounds	 	0	 	 	 

Chromium	0.0000942	7	1.35E-05	0.00202	0.000308

Chromium & Compounds	0.0218	1	2.18E-02	3.14	0.0712

Lead	0.0000355	7	5.07E-06	0.000761	0.000116

Lead & Compounds	0.150	5	2.99E-02	4.43	0.489

Methylene Chloride	 	0	 	 	 

Nickel	0.000141	7	2.01E-05	0.00302	0.000461

Nickel & Compounds	 	0	 	 	 

Acrylonitrile	 	0	 	 	 

Formaldehyde	0.0221	10	2.21E-03	0.338	0.0723

Manganese	0.0000268	7	3.83E-06	0.000574	0.0000876

Manganese & Compounds	 	0	 	 	 

Mercury	0.000000703	1	7.03E-07	0.000101	0.00000230

Mercury & Compounds	 	0	 	 	 

Tetrachloroethylene	 	0	 	 	 

Trichloroethylene	 	0	 	 	 

Total HAPs	                              83.7 	63	1.33E+00	             
                  274 	                              85.2 

325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation
Manufacturing	 	 

Benzene	0.0272	1	2.72E-02	0.218	0.0907

Cadmium	 	 	 	 	 

Cadmium & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Chromium	 	 	 	 	 

Chromium & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Lead	 	 	 	 	 

Lead & Compounds	0.000907	1	9.07E-04	0.00726	0.00302

Methylene Chloride	0.0699	1	6.99E-02	0.559	0.233

Nickel	 	 	 	 	 

Nickel & Compounds	0.00771	1	7.71E-03	0.0617	0.0257

Acrylonitrile	 	 	 	 	 

Formaldehyde	 	 	 	 	 

Manganese	 	 	 	 	 

Manganese & Compounds	0.0227	1	2.27E-02	0.181	0.0756

Mercury	 	 	 	 	 

Mercury & Compounds	 	 	 	 	 

Tetrachloroethylene	 	 	 	 	 

Trichloroethylene	0.0181	1	1.81E-02	0.145	0.0605

Total HAPs	                              1.62 	3	5.39E-01	5.39	         
                    1.63 



Table A-2.  Summary of Urban Area Source Baseline HAP Emissions Using
2002 NEI Database

UA/UC Designations







	Urban Air Toxic	2002 NEI HAP Emissions (Mg/yr)	Number of Urban Area
Sources	2002 NEI HAP Emission per Facility	Method 1 Emissions (Mg/yr)
Method 2 Emissions (Mg/yr)

325510, 325520, 325910, 325998 Totals	 	 	 	 

Benzene	0.209	86	-	3.40	0.685

Cadmium	0.000955	49	-	0.0280	0.00312

Cadmium & Compounds	0.00228	6	-	0.530	0.00745

Chromium	0.00125	49	-	0.0366	0.00407

Chromium & Compounds	0.631	24	-	30.6	2.06

Lead	0.0263	59	-	0.662	0.0860

Lead & Compounds	1.06	57	-	22.9	3.46

Methylene Chloride	54.2	29	-	2494	177

Nickel	0.360	51	-	10.5	1.18

Nickel & Compounds	0.122	9	-	17.9	0.400

Acrylonitrile	0.286	3	-	104	0.935

Formaldehyde	1.99	93	-	32.2	6.52

Manganese	0.00300	51	-	0.0870	0.00983

Manganese & Compounds	0.0319	11	-	1.25	0.106

Mercury	0.000158	15	-	0.0138	0.000519

Mercury & Compounds	0.000454	1	-	0.134	0.00148

Tetrachloroethylene	1.54	6	-	375	5.04

Trichloroethylene	10.0	7	-	714	32.8

Total HAPs	                           1,232 	604	-	                     
     4,031 	                           1,365 



 The 2002 NAICS codes and industry descriptions were obtained from the
U.S. Census website, http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/naics.html.

 Paint and Coating Manufacturing: 2002, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Economics and Statistics Administration, February 2005.

 Adhesive Manufacturing: 2002, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics
and Statistics Administration, December 2004.

 Printing Ink Manufacturing: 2002, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Economics and Statistics Administration, December 2004.

 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing:
2002, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics
Administration, December 2004.

 Insufficient information is available through the NEI database to
determine whether a facility is a synthetic minor or area source. 
Therefore, we could only make a distinction between major sources and
area sources.

  PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT  1 

  PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT  24 

