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RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0;þ6X`(s New RomanTTXXvþ6X@ÉüCX@	½s_0s New RomanTTXXO½s_0ŽÞÇQX0	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTXXPô\	 PŽ	6QXP	½s_0s 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	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0T†\ÿÿ:Right Par[61Right Par[6]Ô€XXXÔÔW€ 	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€!	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0T†\ÿÿ:Right Par[51Right Par[5]Ô€XXXÔÔW€#	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€$	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0T†\ÿÿ:Right Par[41Right Par[4]Ô€XXXÔÔW€&	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€'	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0T†\ÿÿ:Right Par[31Right Par[3]Ô€XXXÔÔW€)	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€*	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_00\\ÿÿ(23a23aÔ€XXXÔÔ-€,;þ6X`(-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€-	½s_0-Ô;þ6X`(	½s_0T†\ÿÿ:Right Par[21Right Par[2]Ô€XXXÔÔW€/	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€0	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0T†\ÿÿ:Right Par[11Right Par[1]Ô€XXXÔÔW€2	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€3	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_00†\ÿÿ(22a22aÔ€XXXÔÔW€5	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€6	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_00\\ÿÿ(21a21aÔ€XXXÔÔ-€8;þ6X`(-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€9	½s_0-Ô;þ6X`(	½s_00†\ÿÿ(20a20aÔ€XXXÔÔW€;	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€<	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,†\ÿÿ&1919Ô€XXXÔÔW€>	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€?	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,Œbÿÿ&1818Ô€XXXÔÔW€A	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔòòòòóóóóÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€B	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,†\ÿÿ&1717Ô€XXXÔÔW€D	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€E	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,†\ÿÿ&1616Ô€XXXÔÔW€G	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€H	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,†\ÿÿ&1515Ô€XXXÔÔW€J	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€K	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,†\ÿÿ&1414Ô€XXXÔÔW€M	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€N	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,†\ÿÿ&1313Ô€XXXÔÔW€P	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€Q	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,†\ÿÿ&1212Ô€XXXÔÔW€S	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€T	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0,\\ÿÿ&1111Ô€XXXÔÔ-€V;þ6X`(-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€W	½s_0-Ô;þ6X`(	½s_0,\\ÿÿ&1010Ô€XXXÔÔ-€Y;þ6X`(-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€Z	½s_0-Ô;þ6X`(	½s_0(\\ÿÿ$99Ô€XXXÔÔ-€\;þ6X`(-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€]	½s_0-Ô;þ6X`(	½s_0(†\ÿÿ$88Ô€XXXÔÔW€_	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€`	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0(†\ÿÿ$77Ô€XXXÔÔW€b	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€c	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0(†\ÿÿ$66Ô€XXXÔÔW€e	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€f	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0(†\ÿÿ$55Ô€XXXÔÔW€h	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€i	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0(Œbÿÿ$44Ô€XXXÔÔW€k	ô\		`*Times New RomanTTWÔÔÔÔÔòòòòóóóóÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€l	½s_0-Ô	ô\		`*Times New RomanTT	½s_0(\\ÿÿ$33Ô€XXXÔÔ-€n;þ6X`(-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ€XXXÔÔ-€o	½s_0-Ô;þ6X`(	½s_00Ÿšÿÿ(05P05PÓÓÓ8.¬¬\
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T°œX'ÓÖ€îÿÿÖÑ8€C+XXdÈdÈ8ÑÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@Ï	Ï	€àNational€Ambient€Air€Quality€Standards€for€LeadˆÐ	H
	 ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@JJ
€àThursday,€June€12,€2008ˆÐ	Ð " ÐÌà@__ €àTremont€Plaza€HotelˆÐ	`" 	$ Ðà@££ €à222€St.€Paul€PlaceˆÐ	(#è	% Ðà@`` €àBaltimore,€MarylandˆÐ	ð#°& ÐÌÐ		€%@( ÐÓ=€C+XŠXdÐd=ÓÓÍLÓà@ÍÍ€àP€R€O€C€E€E€D€I€N€G€SˆÐ	@ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Good€morning€and€thank€youÐ	Ì Ðfor€taking€the€time€to€attend€this€public€hearingÐ	Ø	˜ Ðon€the€EPA's€proposed€revisions€to€the€NationalÐ	¤d ÐAmbient€Air€Quality€Standards€for€Lead.€€My€nameÐ	p
0 Ðis€Lydia€Wegman.€€I€am€the€director€of€the€HealthÐ	<ü
 Ðand€Environmental€Impacts€Division€in€the€OfficeÐ	È
 Ðof€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards€in€NorthÐ	Ô” ÐCarolina€and€I€am€very€glad€to€be€here€today€withÐ	 ` Ðyou.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àI€am€going€to€be€chairing€today'sÐ	8ø Ðhearing€to€take€your€comments€on€our€proposedÐ	Ä Ðrevisions€to€the€lead€standard.€€This€hearing€isÐ	Ð Ðone€of€two€public€hearings€we€are€holding€on€theÐ	œ\ Ðlead€standard.€€The€other€one€is€being€held€todayÐ	h(	 Ðin€St.€Louis€and€is€going€to€follow€the€sameÐ	4!ô
 Ðformat€that€we€are€using€here€today.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àBefore€we€begin€to€hear€from€theÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðaudience,€I€would€like€to€briefly€describe€theÐ	˜&X $ Ðproposed€rule€that€is€the€subject€of€our€hearingÐ	d($"& Ðtoday.€€The€proposed€rule€was€announced€on€May€1Ð	0*ð#( Ðand€was€published€in€the€Federal€Register€on€MayÐ	ü+¼%* Ð20€and€there€is€a€copy€of€the€notice€for€you€toÐ	@ Ðreview€if€you€haven't€had€a€chance€to€do€so€yetÐ	Ì Ðout€front.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àOur€existing€standard€for€lead€was€setÐ	¤d Ðin€1978€at€a€level€of€1.5€micrograms€per€cubicÐ	p
0 Ðmeter.€€Since€that€time€we€have€made€dramaticÐ	<ü
 Ðprogress€in€reducing€the€concentrations€of€leadÐ	È
 Ðin€ambient€air.€€And€thanks€largely€to€the€phase„Ð	Ô” Ðout€of€lead€in€gasoline,€emissions€of€lead€in€theÐ	 ` Ðair€have€dropped€nearly€98€percent€since€1980.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àBut€there€are€still€a€wide€variety€ofÐ	8ø Ðsources€that€do€emit€lead€into€the€air.€€ThoseÐ	Ä Ðinclude€primary€and€secondary€lead€smelters,€ironÐ	Ð Ðand€steel€foundries,€copper€smelters,€wasteÐ	œ\ Ðincinerators,€cement€manufacturing,€glassÐ	h(	 Ðmanufacturing€and€gasoline€used€in€piston€engineÐ	4!ô
 Ðaircraft.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àLead€that€is€emitted€into€the€air€can€beÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðinhaled,€or€after€it€settles€out€of€the€air,€itÐ	˜&X $ Ðcan€be€ingested.€€Ingestion€is€the€main€route€ofÐ	d($"& Ðhuman€exposure€from€emissions€of€lead€into€theÐ	0*ð#( Ðair.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMore€than€6,000€studies€have€beenÐ	@ Ðconducted€since€the€last€review€of€our€leadÐ	Ì Ðstandard,€which€was€1990,€and€they€have€examinedÐ	Ø	˜ Ðthe€effects€of€lead€on€health€in€the€environment.€Ð	¤d ÐEvidence€from€the€health€studies€indicate€thatÐ	p
0 Ðlead€in€the€blood€can€cause€harm€at€much€lowerÐ	<ü
 Ðlevels€than€previously€understood.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àOnce€in€the€body,€lead€is€rapidlyÐ	Ô” Ðabsorbed€into€the€bloodstream€and€can€harm€manyÐ	 ` Ðorgan€systems,€including€the€central€nervousÐ	l, Ðsystem,€the€cardiovascular€system,€the€kidneysÐ	8ø Ðand€the€immune€system.€€Children€are€particularlyÐ	Ä Ðvulnerable€to€exposure€to€lead.€€They€are€moreÐ	Ð Ðlikely€to€put€fingers€and€hands€into€their€mouthsÐ	œ\ Ðafter€touching€surfaces€that€are€contaminatedÐ	h(	 Ðwith€lead€dust.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àStudies€have€linked€lead€exposure€toÐ	#À	  Ðdamage€to€children's€developing€nervous€systemsÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðincluding€the€brain.€€This€can€lead€to€IQ€loss,Ð	˜&X $ Ðpoor€academic€achievement€and€permanent€learningÐ	d($"& Ðdisabilities.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àAdults€can€also€be€harmed€by€lead€withÐ	ü+¼%* Ðeffects€including€increased€blood€pressure€andÐ	@ Ðdecreased€kidney€function.€€Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àBased€on€this€evidence,€theÐ	Ø	˜ Ðadministrator€of€EPA€has€proposed€that€theÐ	¤d Ðcurrent€lead€standards€of€1.5€micrograms€perÐ	p
0 Ðcubic€meter€are€not€adequate€to€protect€publicÐ	<ü
 Ðhealth€with€an€adequate€margin€of€safety€andÐ	È
 Ðshould€be€revised€to€protect€the€health€of€at„Ð	Ô” Ðrisk€populations,€especially€children.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àThe€administrator's€proposal€addressesÐ	l, Ðthree€key€areas:€revisions€to€the€standards,Ð	8ø Ðadjustments€to€the€lead€monitoring€network,€and€aÐ	Ä Ðstrategy€for€implementing€any€new€standard€we€mayÐ	Ð Ðset.€€We€are€seeking€comment€on€all€of€theseÐ	œ\ Ðareas€and€I€am€going€to€briefly€outline€theÐ	h(	 Ðproposed€revisions€in€each€of€these€areas.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àWe€are€proposing€to€set€the€primaryÐ	#À	  Ðhealth„based€standard€for€lead€within€a€range€ofÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ð0.10€to€0.30€micrograms€per€cubic€meter€of€air€asÐ	˜&X $ Ðmeasured€in€total€suspended€particulate,€or€TSP.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àWe€are€seeking€comment€on€alternativeÐ	0*ð#( Ðlevels€of€the€standard€from€levels€below€0.10€andÐ	ü+¼%* Ðas€high€as€0.50€micrograms€per€cubic€meter.€€Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àWe€are€also€seeking€comment€on€theÐ	Ì Ðalternative€of€moving€to€a€standard€based€on€PM10Ð	Ø	˜ Ðrather€than€lead€in€total€suspended€particulatesÐ	¤d Ðand€we€are€proposing€to€make€the€secondaryÐ	p
0 Ðstandard€identical€to€the€primary€standard.€€TheÐ	<ü
 Ðsecondary€standard€is€designed€to€protect€publicÐ	È
 Ðwelfare,€including€the€environment.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àWe€are€also€proposing€to€revise€theÐ	 ` Ðaveraging€time€and€form€of€the€lead€standard.€Ð	l, ÐThese€are€the€air€quality€statistics€that€areÐ	8ø Ðcompared€to€the€level€of€the€standards€toÐ	Ä Ðdetermine€whether€an€area€is€meeting€theÐ	Ð Ðstandard.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àWe€have€proposed€two€options€to€retainÐ	h(	 Ðthe€current€form€of€the€standard,€which€is€aÐ	4!ô
 Ðmaximum,€not€to€be€exceeded€quarterly€average,Ð	#À	  Ðbut€evaluate€whether€an€area€meets€the€standardsÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðusing€three€years€of€data€instead€of€two€years€ofÐ	˜&X $ Ðdata€as€we€currently€do,€or€to€change€to€aÐ	d($"& Ðmonthly€average€and€evaluate€whether€an€areaÐ	0*ð#( Ðmeets€the€standards€using€the€second€highestÐ	ü+¼%* Ðmonthly€average€over€a€three„year€period.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àWe€are€also€proposing€changes€to€theÐ	Ì Ðmonitoring€network,€which€is€both€outdated€andÐ	Ø	˜ Ðinsufficient.€€Our€proposal€would€requireÐ	¤d Ðmonitors€near€all€sources€that€exceed€anÐ	p
0 Ðemissions€threshold€of€between€0.22€and€0.66€tonsÐ	<ü
 Ðper€year.€€And€the€actual€threshold€we€selectÐ	È
 Ðwill€depend€on€the€final€standard€we€select.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àWe€are€proposing€to€require€additionalÐ	 ` Ðmonitors€in€urban€areas€with€a€population€of€oneÐ	l, Ðmillion€or€more€in€order€to€gather€information€toÐ	8ø Ðhelp€us€better€understand€the€generalÐ	Ä Ðpopulations'€exposure€to€lead€in€air.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àWe€are€also€proposing€a€strategy€andÐ	œ\ Ðschedule€for€implementing€any€new€standard€we€mayÐ	h(	 Ðset€and€the€key€elements€include€the€timing€andÐ	4!ô
 Ðapproach€for€designations,€requirements€for€stateÐ	#À	  Ðimplementation€plans,€and€steps€for€transitioningÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðfrom€the€1998€„„€1978€standard€to€the€revisedÐ	˜&X $ Ðstandards.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àWe€anticipate€requiring€states€toÐ	0*ð#( Ðrecommend€boundaries€for€attainment€and€non„Ð	ü+¼%* Ðattainment€areas€by€September€of€2009.€€We€wouldÐ	@ Ðmake€final€designations€by€September€2011.€€Non„Ð	Ì Ðattainment€areas'€SIPs€would€be€due€in€2013€andÐ	Ø	˜ Ðall€areas€would€have€to€meet€the€revisedÐ	¤d Ðstandards€by€the€fall€of€2016.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àSo€that€is€a€very€brief€overview€of€thisÐ	<ü
 Ðfairly€complex€proposal.€€There€is€a€fact€sheetÐ	È
 Ðthat€is€in€the€registration€area,€which€sums€upÐ	Ô” Ðour€proposal€on€each€of€these€points.€€There€isÐ	 ` Ðalso€a€handout€in€the€registration€area€thatÐ	l, Ðprovides€detailed€instructions€on€how€to€submitÐ	8ø Ðwritten€comments€as€well€as€a€list€of€all€theÐ	Ä Ðtopics€of€which€we€have€requested€comment€in€theÐ	Ð Ðproposal€notice.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àThe€comment€period€for€this€proposalÐ	h(	 Ðremains€open€until€July€21€and€we€have€a€courtÐ	4!ô
 Ðorder€to€issue€the€final€rule€by€September€15€ofÐ	#À	  Ðthis€year.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àNow,€turning€to€the€comment€portion€ofÐ	˜&X $ Ðtoday's€hearing,€we€are€preparing€a€writtenÐ	d($"& Ðtranscript.€€We€have€a€court€reporter€here€who€isÐ	0*ð#( Ðhelping€us,€and€so€each€speaker's€comments€willÐ	ü+¼%* Ðbecome€part€of€the€official€record€for€this€rule.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àWhat€will€happen€is€I€will€call€eachÐ	Ì Ðscheduled€speaker€to€the€microphone€and€I€willÐ	Ø	˜ Ðask€you€to€state€your€name€and€affiliation€whenÐ	¤d Ðyou€come€to€the€microphone.€€And€it€would€alsoÐ	p
0 Ðhelp€the€court€reporter€if€you€could€spell€yourÐ	<ü
 Ðname.€€And€then€we€ask€that€you€remain€at€theÐ	È
 Ðmicrophone€until€the€panel€has€had€a€chance€toÐ	Ô” Ðask€you€any€questions€we€may€have.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àIf€you€do€have€a€written€copy€of€yourÐ	l, Ðwritten€statement,€we€appreciate€it€if€you€wouldÐ	8ø Ðgive€it€to€the€staff€at€the€registration€table.€Ð	Ä ÐAnd€the€written€statement€will€be€entered€intoÐ	Ð Ðthe€docket.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àWe€normally€would€ask€people€to€limitÐ	h(	 Ðtheir€testimony€to€five€minutes€but€since€we€haveÐ	4!ô
 Ða€fairly€light€turnout€today,€we€are€going€toÐ	#À	  Ðallow€folks€to€speak€for€up€to€ten€minutes€if€youÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðchoose€to.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àAnd€we€are€here€to€listen,€not€toÐ	d($"& Ðdebate,€so€we€may€ask€some€clarifying€questionsÐ	0*ð#( Ðbut€we€don't€intend€to€debate€the€merits€of€theÐ	ü+¼%* Ðproposal€today.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àWe€have€a€time€keeper€here,€Rebecca,€andÐ	Ì Ðshe€has€cards€and€she€will€tell€you€when€yourÐ	Ø	˜ Ðtime€is€up€and€warn€you€as€the€time€gets€reduced.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àLet's€see,€we€are€prepared€to€stay€hereÐ	p
0 Ðuntil€9€p.m.€tonight€should€we€have€more€peopleÐ	<ü
 Ðshow€up€and€let's€see.€€I€think€that's€it€and€IÐ	È
 Ðwant€to€introduce€the€other€people€who€are€on€theÐ	Ô” Ðpanel€with€me€today.€€David€Orlin€to€my€left€isÐ	 ` Ðwith€our€Office€of€General€Counsel€in€Washington,Ð	l, ÐD.C.,€and€Cristina€Fernandez€is€from€our€office€„Ð	8ø Ð„€regional€office,€Region€3€in€Philadelphia.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àSo€I€want€to€thank€you€all€once€againÐ	Ð Ðfor€coming€to€the€hearing€today€and€we€can€begin.€Ð	œ\ ÐBut€I€think€I€need€a€list,€which€I€don't€have.€Ð	h(	 ÐThank€you.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àOur€first€speaker€is€Frank€O'DonnellÐ	#À	  Ðfrom€Clean€Air€Watch.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àMR.€Oð	ðDONNELL:€€Good€morning.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Good€morning.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àMR.€Oð	ðDONNELL:€€Pardon€my€voice€a€littleÐ	0*ð#( Ðbit.€€There€must€be€lead€dust€in€the€air€orÐ	ü+¼%* Ðsomething€at€the€parking€garage€across€theÐ	@ Ðstreet.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Oh.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àMR.€Oð	ðDONNELL:€€It's€rather€remarkable.€Ð	¤d ÐMy€name€is€Frank€O'Donnell€and€I€am€president€ofÐ	p
0 ÐClean€Air€Watch,€a€nonprofit,€nonpartisan€cleanÐ	<ü
 Ðair€watchdog€organization€and€I€thank€you€for€theÐ	È
 Ðopportunity€to€speak€today€and€for€what€you€areÐ	Ô” Ðdoing.€€And€I€attempt€to€be€very€brief.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àI€am€here€to€urge€you€to€strengthen€yourÐ	l, Ðproposal.€€Unless€you€make€this€proposal€better,Ð	8ø Ðchildren€will€remain€at€risk€of€seeing€their€IQsÐ	Ä Ðstolen€away€just€so€some€polluting€industries€canÐ	Ð Ðsave€a€little€money.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àNow€before€I€go€into€details€I€wouldÐ	h(	 Ðlike€to€point€out€something€positive€and€that€isÐ	4!ô
 Ðthat€your€scientific€review€of€this€pollutant€hasÐ	#À	  Ðalready€achieved€some€positive€results.€€SeveralÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðyears€ago€Clean€Air€Watch€led€an€effort€toÐ	˜&X $ Ðeliminate€one€source€of€lead€emissions€and€thatÐ	d($"& Ðwas€from€the€leaded€fuel€used€at€NASCAR€races.€Ð	0*ð#( ÐAnd€we€were€in€a€battle€with€NASCAR€for€severalÐ	ü+¼%* Ðyears€and€they€basically€stonewalled€us€and€said,Ð	@ Ð'Oh,€there's€no€way€we€can€ever€make€race€carsÐ	Ì Ðthat€will€run€without€leaded€fuel.'€€And€this€wasÐ	Ø	˜ Ða€rather€interesting€incident.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àAnd€then€your€criteria€document€cameÐ	p
0 Ðout,€your€scientific€review,€and€it€did€makeÐ	<ü
 Ðreference€to€this€issue€and€said€that,€'Oh€by€theÐ	È
 Ðway,€there€might€be;'€it€didn't€say€definitely.€Ð	Ô” ÐIt€said€there€might€be€some€risk€for€folks€whoÐ	 ` Ðwork€at€NASCAR€races,€for€spectators€and€even€forÐ	l, Ðsome€people€who€live€near€the€tracks.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àAnd€so€we€sent€a€letter€to€the€head€ofÐ	Ä Ðthe€EPA,€Stephen€Johnson,€citing€this€and€said,Ð	Ð Ð'Well,€since€you've€raised€this€issue,€maybe€itÐ	œ\ Ðwould€make€some€sense€to€actually€test€the€air€atÐ	h(	 Ðthese€tracks€and€to€find€out€whether€there'sÐ	4!ô
 Ðreally€a€risk€or€not.'Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àThis€letter€became€public.€€We€wereÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðresponsible€for€that€obviously,€and€the€day€afterÐ	˜&X $ Ðthe€letter€became€public€NASCAR€abruptlyÐ	d($"& Ðannounced€that€it€was€going€to€take€the€lead€outÐ	0*ð#( Ðof€their€gasoline,€stopping€years€ofÐ	ü+¼%* Ðstonewalling.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àSo,€we€have€had€one€step€already€towardÐ	Ì Ðcleaner€air€and€this€review€was€partlyÐ	Ø	˜ Ðresponsible.€€But€there€are€other€lead€threatsÐ	¤d Ðout€there.€€As€you€know,€when€the€U.S.€EPA€setÐ	p
0 Ðthe€current€lead€standard€about€30€years€ago,€weÐ	<ü
 Ðknew€a€lot€less€about€this€toxin€than€we€doÐ	È
 Ðtoday.€€We€now€know€that€even€very€tiny€amountsÐ	Ô” Ðof€lead€in€children's€blood€can€causeÐ	 ` Ðneurological€problems,€making€it€harder€forÐ	l, Ðchildren€to€learn.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àAnd€even€though€EPA€has€proposed€to€makeÐ	Ä Ðthe€old€standard€stronger,€moving€in€the€rightÐ	Ð Ðdirection,€once€again€the€administrator€hasÐ	œ\ Ðproposed€a€range€that€includes€levels€weaker€thanÐ	h(	 Ðthose€recommended€by€EPA's€independent€scienceÐ	4!ô
 Ðadvisors.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àWe€saw€this€happen€with€the€EPAÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðstandards€for€fine€particle€soot.€€We€saw€itÐ	˜&X $ Ðagain€with€the€EPA€standards€for€ozone.€€We€hopeÐ	d($"& Ðthis€won't€happen€yet€again.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àThe€upper€bound€of€the€range€suggestedÐ	ü+¼%* Ðby€your€science€advisors€was€0.2€micrograms€perÐ	@ Ðcubic€meter€and€yet€EPA€has€proposed€a€range€thatÐ	Ì Ðcould€permit€at€least€50€percent€more€lead€in€theÐ	Ø	˜ Ðair.€€We€think€your€proposal€seems€both€illogicalÐ	¤d Ðand€at€odds€with€the€science.€€In€theory,€you€areÐ	p
0 Ðseeking€to€make€sure€that€levels€of€lead€inÐ	<ü
 Ðchildren's€blood€are€not€harming€them,€that€thereÐ	È
 Ðis€no€neurological€deficit.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àBut€your€proposal€would€permit€levels€ofÐ	 ` Ðlead€in€the€air€that€by€your€own€analysis€couldÐ	l, Ðpermit€unhealthful€levels€of€lead€in€the€blood,Ð	8ø Ðat€least€at€the€upper€range€that€we€are€talkingÐ	Ä Ðabout€here€in€the€proposal.€€Your€own€scientistsÐ	Ð Ðand€the€independent€science€advisors€reportedÐ	œ\ Ðthat€0.2€was€absolutely€the€upper€limit€and€yourÐ	h(	 Ðscientists€even€had€suggested€a€range€thatÐ	4!ô
 Ðconsidered€an€order€of€magnitude€lower.€€We€thinkÐ	#À	  Ðthe€upper€end€of€your€proposal€has€no€margin€ofÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðsafety;€it€would€not€adequately€protect€children.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àSo€we€urge€you€not€even€to€consider€aÐ	d($"& Ðstandard€higher€than€0.2€micrograms€per€cubicÐ	0*ð#( Ðmeter,€averaged€on€a€monthly€basis,€and€becauseÐ	ü+¼%* Ðof€the€scientific€evidence€for€enhanced€effectsÐ	@ Ðat€lower€levels€of€exposure€and€the€need€toÐ	Ì Ðensure€that€all€children€have€safe€blood€leadÐ	Ø	˜ Ðlevels€with€an€adequate€margin€of€safety,€weÐ	¤d Ðrecommend€that€EPA€set€a€final€standard€below€0.1Ð	p
0 Ðmicrograms€per€cubic€meter.€€Thank€you.Ð	<ü
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€If€I€could€just€ask€you,Ð	È
 Ðyou€are€recommending€a€standard€below€0.10?€Ð	Ô” ÐThat's€your€„„Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àMR.€Oð	ðDONNELL:€€Yes.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:àÌàAnd€any€bottom€to€that?€Ð	8ø ÐAs€you€know,€we're€taking€comment€on€whether€weÐ	Ä Ðwould€ever€have€to€set€a€standard€at€0.€€It€justÐ	Ð Ð„„ÌàÔ
àMR.€Oð	ðDONNELL:€€That's€it€for€today.€€WeÐ	h(	 Ðmay€join€with€some€others€in€written€commentsÐ	4!ô
 Ðthat€may€look€at€some€of€these€issues€moreÐ	#À	  Ðclosely,€but€this€is€consultation€with€some€ofÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðthe€experts.€€This€is€the€recommendation€forÐ	˜&X $ Ðtoday.€€Okay?Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.€€Cristina,€David,€anyÐ	0*ð#( Ðquestions?€€Okay.€€Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMR.€Oð	ðDONNELL:€€All€right.€€Thanks€veryÐ	@ Ðmuch.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Thank€you€very€much.€€AtÐ	Ø	˜ Ðthis€point€we€don't€have€any€other€speakers€whoÐ	¤d Ðhave€registered€to€speak€at€this€hour.€€If€thereÐ	p
0 Ðis€anybody€here€who€had€registered€for€a€laterÐ	<ü
 Ðpoint€and€would€like€to€talk€now,€that€would€beÐ	È
 Ðfine.€€Otherwise,€we€will€just€take€a€littleÐ	Ô” Ðbreak.€€Okay.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
à[Break.]Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Our€next€speaker€hasÐ	8ø Ðarrived€and€this€is€Ruth€Ann€Norton€from€theÐ	Ä ÐCoalition€to€End€Childhood€Lead€Poisoning.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àMS.€NORTON:€€Good€morning.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Good€morning.€€Thank€youÐ	h(	 Ðfor€coming.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€NORTON:€€Do€I€need€this?€€I€don'tÐ	#À	  Ðthink€I€need€this,€do€I?Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àI€am€here€to€be€very€brief.€€I€want€toÐ	˜&X $ Ðtell€you€that€air€quality€is€not€our€main€focusÐ	d($"& Ðof€our€work.€€Our€main€focus€of€work€is€inÐ	0*ð#( Ðhousing€and€structures€but€we€are€here€to€makeÐ	ü+¼%* Ðsome€supportive€statements.€€So€if€you€don'tÐ	@ Ðmind,€I€am€going€to€do€the€terrible€thing€ofÐ	Ì Ðreading,€so€thank€you.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àI€am€Ruth€Ann€Norton.€€I€am€the€directorÐ	¤d Ðof€the€Coalition€to€End€Childhood€Lead€Poisoning.€Ð	p
0 ÐWe€were€established€in€1986€in€Baltimore€City€asÐ	<ü
 ÐParents€Against€Lead.€€We€now€work€in€12€statesÐ	È
 Ðaround€the€country€with€our€main€operations€inÐ	Ô” ÐBaltimore,€Maryland,€and€St.€Louis,€Missouri.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àThe€Coalition€to€End€Childhood€LeadÐ	l, ÐPoisoning,€I€did€all€that.€€I€have€served€as€theÐ	8ø Ðdirector€of€the€Coalition€since€1993.€€DuringÐ	Ä Ðthat€time€Maryland€has€been€the€beneficiary€of€aÐ	Ð Ðdramatic€decline€in€childhood€lead€poisoning,Ð	œ\ Ðhaving€had€rates€fall€by€approximately€95€percentÐ	h(	 Ðsince€1993.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àThe€dramatic€decrease€can€be€credited€toÐ	#À	  Ða€number€of€factors,€including€strict€policiesÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðand€enforcement€on€housing€structures,€annualÐ	˜&X $ Ðregistration€of€properties,€widespread€outreachÐ	d($"& Ðand€education€through€our€public€health€system.€Ð	0*ð#( ÐWe€have€had€the€opportunity€to€help€move€towardÐ	ü+¼%* Ðthe€Healthy€People€2010€goal€of€ending€childhoodÐ	@ Ðlead€poisoning€as€a€major€public€health€threat,Ð	Ì Ðbut€we€are€concerned€that€still€we€remain€withÐ	Ø	˜ Ðseveral€hundred€children€a€year€with€high€leadÐ	¤d Ðlevels€and€our€ability€to€sustain€this€success.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àAnd€sustaining€the€success€means€that€weÐ	<ü
 Ðhave€to€go€outside€of€the€home€into€air€qualityÐ	È
 Ðand€other€issues.€€So€we€need€your€efforts€at€theÐ	Ô” ÐEPA€to€do€that.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àIn€short,€protecting€children€from€leadÐ	l, Ðexposure€and€ending€childhood€lead€poisoning€hasÐ	8ø Ðbecome€the€work€of€clearly€our€organization€andÐ	Ä Ðthe€public€leaders€in€this€community.€€For€thisÐ	Ð Ðreason€we€are€here€to€do€what€we€can€to€ensureÐ	œ\ Ðthe€EPA€sets€a€standard€for€lead€in€airÐ	h(	 Ðsufficiently€to€protect€public€health.€€It€isÐ	4!ô
 Ðclear€that€stricter€standards,€ongoingÐ	#À	  Ðenforcement€and€penalties€for€noncompliance€areÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðkey€tools€to€ensure€environmental€safety€at€allÐ	˜&X $ Ðlevels.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àThe€stricter€standards€will€ensure€thatÐ	0*ð#( Ðprogress€has€been€made€in€reducing€lead€poisoningÐ	ü+¼%* Ðrates,€that€we€are,€as€I€said€earlier,€able€toÐ	@ Ðsustain€that,€and€we€would€like€to€emphasizeÐ	Ì Ðthree€points.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àThe€EPA€is€required€through€the€ClearÐ	¤d ÐAir€Act€to€set€the€standard€so€that€it€reflectsÐ	p
0 Ðthe€latest€scientific€knowledge€and€protectsÐ	<ü
 Ðpublic€health,€especially€vulnerable€populationsÐ	È
 Ðlike€children,€pregnant€women€and€others€with€anÐ	Ô” Ðadequate€margin€of€safety.€€Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àNew€scientific€studies€haveÐ	l, Ðoverwhelmingly€shown€that€lead€is€far€moreÐ	8ø Ðhazardous€than€we€once€thought.€€Even€smallÐ	Ä Ðamounts€of€lead€have€been€shown€to€causeÐ	Ð Ðpermanent€and€irreversible€neurological€problemsÐ	œ\ Ðin€children.€€Children€are€especially€vulnerableÐ	h(	 Ðto€the€toxic€effects€of€lead€because€theirÐ	4!ô
 Ðgrowing€bodies€are€more€susceptible€and€theyÐ	#À	  Ðabsorb€more€lead€through€their€system€thanÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðadults.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àSecondly,€lead€causes€severe€and€long„Ð	d($"& Ðterm€health€problems€and€has€been€a€toxic€legacyÐ	0*ð#( Ðin€our€country,€unacceptably€so,€for€decades.€€ItÐ	ü+¼%* Ðis€time€to€do€everything€we€can€to€bring€this€toÐ	@ Ðan€end.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àThousands€of€sources€emit€lead€into€theÐ	Ø	˜ Ðair€every€day€across€the€country.€€EPA€needs€toÐ	¤d Ðand€is€showing€the€efforts€to€tighten€air€qualityÐ	p
0 Ðstandards€for€lead€to€protect€our€health.€€WeÐ	<ü
 Ðencourage€moving€that€forward.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àLead€pollution€comes€out€of€over€16,000Ð	Ô” Ðpollution€sources€in€the€U.S.€including€smelters,Ð	 ` Ðrefineries,€kilns€and€airports.€€When€leadÐ	l, Ðparticulates€get€into€the€air,€they€can€settle€onÐ	8ø Ðsoil€and€contaminate€areas€where€children€play,Ð	Ä Ðwhere€they€remain€hazards€indefinitely.€€EPAÐ	Ð Ðshould€and€through€these€„„€through€your€plansÐ	œ\ Ðestablish€an€air€monitoring€system€that€canÐ	h(	 Ðadequately€measure€lead€in€air€to€ensureÐ	4!ô
 Ðcompliance€with€the€new€standard.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àWe€are€heartened€by€the€efforts€toÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðensure€those€monitors€significantly€and€youÐ	˜&X $ Ðshould€know,€sort€of€as€a€sidebar,€we€wereÐ	d($"& Ðinvolved€in€increasing€monitoring€in€the€EastÐ	0*ð#( ÐBaltimore€Development€Project.€€We€wrote€theÐ	ü+¼%* Ðstandards€for€their€lead€in€demolition€for€the€80Ð	@ Ðacres€of€housing€that€is€being€demolished€andÐ	Ì Ðrehabbed€and€did€a€significant€job€of€airÐ	Ø	˜ Ðmonitoring€and€collection€there.€€And€we€did€thatÐ	¤d Ðwith€a€lot€of€community€support€and€it€provedÐ	p
0 Ðvery€effective€in€moving€for€some€of€theÐ	<ü
 Ðstandards€that€you€are€looking€to€do.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àEPA€should€follow€scientists'Ð	Ô” Ðrecommendations€to€set€a€strong€air€leadÐ	 ` Ðstandard.€€EPA's€independent€scientific€advisorsÐ	l, Ðand€their€own€scientists€have€unanimously€advisedÐ	8ø ÐEPA€that€the€air€quality€standard€for€lead€shouldÐ	Ä Ðbe€no€more€than€0.2€micrograms€per€cubic€meter€inÐ	Ð Ðair€in€order€to€adequately€protect€public€health.€Ð	œ\ ÐMany€other€scientists€and€doctors€haveÐ	h(	 Ðrecommended€that€EPA€should€adopt€a€standard€atÐ	4!ô
 Ðthis€or€even€more€stringent€levels€and€weÐ	#À	  Ðencourage€you€to€go€the€most€stringent€levelÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðpossible€to€try€and€help€us€eradicate€lead€fromÐ	˜&X $ Ðthe€pathways€for€children€and€others.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àEPA€says€there€is€uncertainty€of€theÐ	0*ð#( Ðdata€but€uncertainty€of€the€data€means€we€shouldÐ	ü+¼%* Ðbe€more€careful€to€be€protective€of€publicÐ	@ Ðhealth,€not€err€on€the€side€of€being€lessÐ	Ì Ðrestrictive.€€Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àThe€Coalition€of€Childhood€LeadÐ	¤d ÐPoisoning€will€work€with€the€National€ResourcesÐ	p
0 ÐDefense€Council,€the€Environmental€Defense€FundÐ	<ü
 Ðand€the€Missouri€Coalition€for€the€Environment€toÐ	È
 Ðsubmit€additional€written€comments€regarding€theÐ	Ô” Ðproposals.€€We€do€want€to€commend€you€on€movingÐ	 ` Ðthis€forward,€moving€down€the€particulate€level,Ð	l, Ðincreasing€the€monitors€and€looking€at€the€bestÐ	8ø Ðway€in€which€to€monitor€the€particulate.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àNot€being€the€expert€here,€we€are€hereÐ	Ð Ðto€praise€you€for€moving€this€forward€andÐ	œ\ Ðencourage€you€to€go€to€the€strictest€standardsÐ	h(	 Ðand€to€really€be€here€in€support€of€the€testimonyÐ	4!ô
 Ðthat€you€will€receive€from€the€National€ResourcesÐ	#À	  ÐDefense€Council€and€EDF.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àThank€you.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€May€I€ask€you€just€oneÐ	d($"& Ðquestion?Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMS.€NORTON:€€Sure.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€I€am€interested€in€theÐ	@ Ðmonitoring€you€did€in€East€Baltimore.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€NORTON:€€I€actually€can€send€that€toÐ	Ø	˜ Ðyou.€€We€used€a€water€system€as€well€as€an€airÐ	¤d Ðmonitoring€system.€€A€lot€of€what€„„€theÐ	p
0 Ðstandards€that€we€wrote€were€initially€based€offÐ	<ü
 Ðof€some€studies€that€Hopkins€had€done€about€leadÐ	È
 Ðdust€levels,€which€were€on€the€streets€andÐ	Ô” Ðsidewalks,€which€were€just€unacceptably€bad.€€AndÐ	 ` Ðinterestingly€enough,€and€I'll€send€you€theÐ	l, Ðreport€„„Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Yes.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMS.€NORTON:€€„„€of€the€East€BaltimoreÐ	Ð ÐDevelopment€Project€as€we€did€the€demolition,€weÐ	œ\ Ðwere€actually€able€to€lower€dust€emissionÐ	h(	 Ðstandards€for€lead€during€demolition€thanÐ	4!ô
 Ðpreviously€existed€because€of€safety€measuresÐ	#À	  Ðthat€we€put€in€place€and€clean€up€measures€thatÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðwe€had€done,€but€that€is€„„€I€mean€it€is€a€muchÐ	˜&X $ Ðdifferent€situation€in€the€sense€that€we€wereÐ	d($"& Ðtearing€down€housing.€Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àAnd€the€concern€there€was€that€theÐ	ü+¼%* Ðconcentration€of€housing€that€was€torn€down,Ð	@ Ðwhich€actually€included€the€original€location€ofÐ	Ì Ðour€organization€across€the€street€from€that,Ð	Ø	˜ Ðthat€we€had€at€one€time€one€of€the€highestÐ	¤d Ðconcentrations€of€lead€poisoning€in€the€world€inÐ	p
0 Ðthat€block€of€what€used€to€be€called€the€MiddleÐ	<ü
 ÐEast€Community€Organization€or€what€EPA€had€saidÐ	È
 Ðwas€one€of€the€worst€areas.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àAnd€we€were€able€to€bring€levels€downÐ	 ` Ðsignificantly€using€the€monitoring€systems€thatÐ	l, Ðcollected€the€particulate€in€water,€collected€itÐ	8ø Ðthrough€air€sampling€and€also€through€someÐ	Ä Ðsurface€dust€sampling,€but€in€a€city€environmentÐ	Ð Ðthat€is€much€more€difficult€because€you€don'tÐ	œ\ Ðknow€if€it€is€moving€or€if€it€is€actually€comingÐ	h(	 Ðdown.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àBut€I€am€happy€to€send€that€report€toÐ	#À	  Ðyou.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Yes,€I€would€be€interestedÐ	˜&X $ Ðin€hearing€what€kind€of€monitoring€you€did€there.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àMS.€NORTON:€€Well€we€had€also€an€expertÐ	0*ð#( Ðpanel€that€we€brought€in€that€Robert€Wood€JohnsonÐ	ü+¼%* Ðand€the€Casey€Foundation€was€able€to€fund€thatÐ	@ Ðdid€additional€reviews€and€it€was€probably€one€ofÐ	Ì Ðthe€better,€also,€community€„„€communications€onÐ	Ø	˜ Ðall€of€these€types€of€things€that€happens.€€So€IÐ	¤d Ðthink€it€was€a€great€process€in€that€sense€asÐ	p
0 Ðwell.Ð	<ü
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Great,€yes,€thank€you€veryÐ	È
 Ðmuch€for€coming.€€Our€next€speaker€is€ANJNAÐ	Ô” ÐTahiliani€„„€is€that€correct€„„€from€the€AmericanÐ	 ` ÐAcademy€of€Pediatrics.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Good€morning.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Good€morning.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€The€American€Academy€ofÐ	Ð ÐPediatrics,€a€nonprofit€professional€organizationÐ	œ\ Ðof€60,000€primary€care€pediatricians,€pediatricÐ	h(	 Ðmedical€subspecialists€and€pediatric€surgicalÐ	4!ô
 Ðsubspecialists€dedicated€to€the€health,€safetyÐ	#À	  Ðand€well„being€of€infants,€children,€adolescentsÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðand€young€adults,€urges€the€EnvironmentalÐ	˜&X $ ÐProtection€Agency€to€establish€a€National€AmbientÐ	d($"& ÐAir€Quality€Standard€of€0.2€micrograms€per€cubicÐ	0*ð#( Ðmeter€or€lower€for€airborne€lead.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àThe€myriad€toxic€effects€of€lead€onÐ	@ Ðfetal,€child€and€adult€health€were€clearlyÐ	Ì Ðsummarized€in€the€National€Ambient€Air€QualityÐ	Ø	˜ ÐStandard€proposed€rule€and€more€comprehensivelyÐ	¤d Ðoutlined€in€numerous€other€EPA€documents.€€ThereÐ	p
0 Ðis€no€known€safe€level€of€blood€lead€in€children.€Ð	<ü
 ÐNo€study€has€determined€a€level€of€lead€in€bloodÐ	È
 Ðthat€does€not€impair€child€cognition.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àFurther,€the€effects€of€lead€are€longÐ	 ` Ðlasting.€€Damage€to€a€child's€developing€brainÐ	l, Ðfrom€lead€is€not€reversible.€€About€70€percent€ofÐ	8ø Ða€child's€body€burden€of€lead€is€stored€in€theÐ	Ä Ðbone,€and€the€half„life€of€lead€in€bone€is€20Ð	Ð Ðyears.€€Thus,€once€lead€enters€the€body,€it€willÐ	œ\ Ðbe€present€for€extended€periods.€€Prevention€ofÐ	h(	 Ðexposure€is€the€only€appropriate€approach€to€theÐ	4!ô
 Ðproblem€of€lead€toxicity.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àPerhaps€the€most€important€lastingÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðeffect€of€lead€exposure€is€on€behavior,€withÐ	˜&X $ Ðhigher€rates€of€behavioral€problems€reported€inÐ	d($"& Ðteens€and€adults€exposed€to€lead€duringÐ	0*ð#( Ðchildhood.€€Children€with€elevated€lead€are€moreÐ	ü+¼%* Ðlikely€to€have€problems€with€attention€deficit,Ð	@ Ðexperience€reading€difficulties,€and€fail€toÐ	Ì Ðgraduate€from€high€school.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àInvestigators€have€identifiedÐ	¤d Ðassociations€between€lead€exposure€and€increasedÐ	p
0 Ðaggression,€commission€of€crime€and€antisocial€orÐ	<ü
 Ðdelinquent€behaviors.€€Studies€have€suggestedÐ	È
 Ðthat€several€nations€which€began€vigorouslyÐ	Ô” Ðreducing€lead€exposure€in€the€1970s€experiencedÐ	 ` Ðcorresponding€decreases€in€crime€rates€two€toÐ	l, Ðthree€decades€later.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àThe€Academy€calls€upon€the€EPA€to€set€aÐ	Ä Ðlead€National€Ambient€Air€Quality€Standard€of€0.2Ð	Ð Ðmicrograms€per€cubic€meter€or€lower€for€a€revisedÐ	œ\ Ðstandard€as€recommended€by€the€Clean€AirÐ	h(	 ÐScientific€Advisory€Committee.€€The€lead€NationalÐ	4!ô
 ÐAmbient€Air€Quality€Standard€should€be€asÐ	#À	  Ðprotective€as€possible€for€as€many€children€asÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðpossible,€in€particular,€as€a€preliminary€target,Ð	˜&X $ ÐEPA€should€identify€the€level€of€the€standardÐ	d($"& Ðthat€would€ensure€that€99.5€percent€or€more€ofÐ	0*ð#( Ðthe€children€in€the€United€States€do€notÐ	ü+¼%* Ðexperience€decreased€IQ€from€exposure€to€ambientÐ	@ Ðconcentrations€of€recent€airborne€lead.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àA€proposed€threshold€of€95€percentÐ	Ø	˜ Ðimplies€that€it€would€be€acceptable€for€fiveÐ	¤d Ðpercent€of€U.S.€children,€as€many€as€3.5€millionÐ	p
0 Ðchildren,€to€lose€IQ€points€due€to€airborne€leadÐ	<ü
 Ðexposure.€€The€AAP€recognizes€that€there€is€noÐ	È
 Ðsafe€level€of€exposure€to€lead€and€that€it€is€notÐ	Ô” Ðpossible€to€reduce€air€exposure€to€zero,€howeverÐ	 ` Ðit€is€certainly€within€our€technologicalÐ	l, Ðcapability€and€economic,€human,€and€nationalÐ	8ø Ðinterest€to€reduce€airborne€lead€exposureÐ	Ä Ðfurther.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àMoreover,€such€a€level€of€protection€isÐ	œ\ Ðconsistent€with€the€Clean€Air€Act€statutoryÐ	h(	 Ðmandate€to€protect€the€health€of€sensitiveÐ	4!ô
 Ðsubpopulations€with€an€adequate€margin€of€safety.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àWhile€the€Academy€agrees€with€EPA'sÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðchoice€of€IQ€alterations€in€young€children€as€theÐ	˜&X $ Ðpriority€health€effect€and€population€for€theÐ	d($"& Ðrisk€assessment,€the€Academy€joins€the€lead€panelÐ	0*ð#( Ðin€cautioning€against€focusing€solely€on€IQ€lossÐ	ü+¼%* Ðor€gain.€€There€are€ramifications€of€leadÐ	@ Ðexposure€on€other€endpoints€that€have€societalÐ	Ì Ðand€individual€indications€of€great€importance.€Ð	Ø	˜ ÐNeurological,€developmental,€and€functionalÐ	¤d Ðeffects€in€children€exposed€to€lead€can€lead€toÐ	p
0 Ðnegative€and€disruptive€behaviors€well€beyondÐ	<ü
 Ðchildhood.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àIn€conclusion,€the€extreme€neurotoxicityÐ	Ô” Ðof€lead,€particularly€for€the€developing€fetus,Ð	 ` Ðinfant,€and€young€child,€makes€it€imperative€forÐ	l, ÐEPA€to€set€a€strong€standard€for€airborne€leadÐ	8ø Ðemissions,€namely€a€standard€of€0.2€microgramsÐ	Ä Ðper€cubic€meter€or€lower.€€Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àThe€American€Academy€of€PediatricsÐ	œ\ Ðappreciates€this€opportunity€to€offer€input€onÐ	h(	 Ðthe€lead€National€Air€Ambient€national€standard.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Thank€you.€€I€have€a€coupleÐ	#À	  Ðof€questions€if€I€may.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Sure.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€You€mentioned€there€wereÐ	d($"& Ðstudies€showing€decreases€in€crime€rates.€€IÐ	0*ð#( Ðdon't€know€that€we€have€those€in€our€record.€€IfÐ	ü+¼%* Ðyou€have€them€and€could€submit€them?Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Absolutely.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.€€That€would€be€veryÐ	Ø	˜ Ðhelpful.€€And€then€I€wanted€to€make€sure€I€wasÐ	¤d Ðunderstanding€the€point€you€were€making€about€theÐ	p
0 Ð99.5€percent€level.€€You€said,€if€I€understoodÐ	<ü
 Ðyou€correctly,€99.5€percent€or€more€childrenÐ	È
 Ðshould€not€experience€decreased€IQ€as€a€result€ofÐ	Ô” Ðlead€exposure.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Right.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Is€that€right?Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€That's€right.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€We€had€a€target€level€of€noÐ	Ð Ðmore€than€one€to€two€IQ€points€in€our€proposal.€Ð	œ\ ÐDo€you€have€a€number€or€is€any€decreased€IQ€„„?Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€We€generally€said€anyÐ	4!ô
 Ðdecreased€IQ.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.€€Okay,€and€I€assumeÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðyou€are€going€to€submit€written€comments€thatÐ	˜&X $ Ðwill€lay€all€this€out.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Absolutely.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.€€Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€I€just€had€a€question€on€theÐ	@ Ðnumber€of€children.€€You€said€3.5€millionÐ	Ì Ðchildren€is€what€percent?€€Is€that€five€percentÐ	Ø	˜ Ðor€„„?Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€That's€five€percent€ofÐ	p
0 ÐU.S.€children.€€So€if€we€set€a€standard€at€95Ð	<ü
 Ðpercent,€that€would€include€3.5€million€children.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Thank€you.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay,€I€just€wanted€„„€didÐ	 ` Ðyou€need€the€name€spelling€or€are€you€all€set?€Ð	l, ÐOkay,€would€you€mind€spelling€your€name,€please?Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Sure.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Thank€you.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€First€name€A„N„J„N„A.€Ð	œ\ ÐLast€name€T„A„H„I„L„I„A„N„I.€€And€I€am€one€of€theÐ	h(	 Ðpediatricians€and€advocates€for€the€AmericanÐ	4!ô
 ÐAcademy€of€Pediatrics.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€I'm€sorry,€just€going€back,Ð	Ì$Œ
" Ðwhen€you're€talking€children,€are€you€meaning€0Ð	˜&X $ Ðto€18€or€0€to€7?Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Zero€to€18.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Okay.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Including€adolescents.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Including€adolescents.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€And€if€I€could€also€ask,Ð	Ø	˜ Ðwhen€you€submit€your€written€comments,€you€talkedÐ	¤d Ðabout€the€other€concerns€beyond€IQ€and€that€weÐ	p
0 Ðshould€focus€beyond€just€IQ.€€If€there€are€anyÐ	<ü
 Ðstudies€that€relate€specifically€to€those€otherÐ	È
 Ðeffects€or€any€specific€information€you€can€offerÐ	Ô” Ðon€that.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€The€studies€that€includeÐ	l, Ðthe€crime€numbers€will€include€that€as€well,€soÐ	8ø Ðwe€will€submit€that€as€well.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay,€that€would€be€veryÐ	Ð Ðhelpful€to€us.€€Okay,€thank€you€very€much.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àDR.€TAHILIANI:€€Thank€you.Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay,€we€don't€have€anyÐ	4!ô
 Ðother€speakers€right€now€so€we're€going€to€takeÐ	#À	  Ðanother€short€break€until€somebody€comes.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
à[Break.]Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay,€I€think€we€will€pickÐ	d($"& Ðup€again.€€We€have€a€couple€of€more€speakers.€€IÐ	0*ð#( Ðjust€want€people€who€are€in€the€audience€to€knowÐ	ü+¼%* Ðthat€after€the€next€two€speakers,€we€have€nobodyÐ	@ Ðregistered€until€ten€to€six€this€evening,€or€thisÐ	Ì Ðafternoon.€€So€I€will€say€if€there€is€anyone€elseÐ	Ø	˜ Ðhere€in€the€audience€who€wants€to€speak,€we€wouldÐ	¤d Ðbe€delighted€to€hear€from€you,€but€if€no€one€elseÐ	p
0 Ðis€interested€in€speaking,€I€think€we€willÐ	<ü
 Ðadjourn.€€We€will€be€prepared€to€start€up€againÐ	È
 Ðif€anybody€should€show€up€to€speak,€but€we€do,€asÐ	Ô” ÐI€say,€since€we€have€no€registered€speakers€untilÐ	 ` Ð5:50,€later€this€afternoon,€I€think€we€willÐ	l, Ðadjourn€so€that€we€don't€have€everybody€sittingÐ	8ø Ðaround€needlessly.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àOur€next€speaker€is€Andy€Cebula.€€He'sÐ	Ð Ðfrom€the€Aircraft€Owners€and€Pilots€AssociationÐ	œ\ Ðand€if€you€could€just€be€sure€to€speak€into€theÐ	h(	 Ðmicrophone€and€just€spell€your€name€for€the€courtÐ	4!ô
 Ðreporter.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€All€right.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€That€would€be€very€helpful.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€Okay,€it's€Andy€Cebula.€€MyÐ	d($"& Ðlast€name€is€spelled€C„E„B„U„L„A€and€I€am€theÐ	0*ð#( ÐExecutive€Vice€President€for€Government€AffairsÐ	ü+¼%* Ðfor€the€Aircraft€Owners€and€Pilots€AssociationÐ	@ Ðand€we€represent€415,000€pilots€across€the€UnitedÐ	Ì ÐStates,€which€is€roughly€about€two„thirds€of€theÐ	Ø	˜ Ðnation's€pilot€population.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àSo€I€am€coming€here€this€morning€notÐ	p
0 Ðnecessarily€as€a€technical€expert€but€as€aÐ	<ü
 Ðperson,€as€representing€a€community€that€isÐ	È
 Ðaffected€by€anything€that€is€altering€or€changingÐ	Ô” Ðthe€fuel€that€many€of€our€members€use€inÐ	 ` Ðoperation€of€their€aircraft.€€So€I€thought€ifÐ	l, Ðnothing€else,€at€least€we€could€come€and€share€aÐ	8ø Ðlittle€bit€about€who€we€are€as€a€community.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àFirst€of€all,€we€are€referred€to€asÐ	Ð Ðgeneral€aviation,€which€for€simple€explanationsÐ	œ\ Ðreally€means€anything€other€than€the€military€orÐ	h(	 Ðthe€airlines.€€Typically€it€is€an€individual€thatÐ	4!ô
 Ðhas€an€aircraft€for€personal€or€businessÐ	#À	  Ðtransportation.€€About€60€percent€of€generalÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðaviation€flying€is€for€business€purposes.€€It€canÐ	˜&X $ Ðbe€emergency€medical€services;€of€course€flightÐ	d($"& Ðtraining€is€a€big€part€of€general€aviationÐ	0*ð#( Ðbecause€we€pretty€much,€other€than€the€military,Ð	ü+¼%* Ðwe€are€the€part€of€the€air€transportation€systemÐ	@ Ðthat€is€doing€flight€training.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àThe€economic€benefit€from€generalÐ	Ø	˜ Ðaviation,€both€direct€and€indirect,€is€about€$150Ð	¤d Ðbillion€for€the€United€States.€€To€get€a€contextÐ	p
0 Ðthough€about€what€general€aviation€is,€there€areÐ	<ü
 Ð18,000€landing€facilities€in€the€United€States.€Ð	È
 ÐOf€those,€about€5,400€are€public€use€airports.€Ð	Ô” ÐThe€airlines€fly€into,€and€I€am€probably€being€aÐ	 ` Ðlittle€generous€with€them,€about€500€airports,€soÐ	l, Ðyou€can€see€that€general€aviation€is€a€reallyÐ	8ø Ðimportant€part€of€the€nation's€aviation€system,Ð	Ä Ðboth€around€metropolitan€areas€and€then€when€youÐ	Ð Ðget€out€into€rural€areas.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àNow€when€you€look€at€the€entire€aircraftÐ	h(	 Ðpopulation,€there€is€about€220,000€generalÐ	4!ô
 Ðaviation€aircraft€in€the€fleet.€€About€167,000€ofÐ	#À	  Ðthose€use€aviation€gasoline.€€Aviation€gasolineÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðis€referred€to€as€100€low„lead.€€It's€got€lessÐ	˜&X $ Ðlead€than€it€used€to€have€but€it€does€have€lead,Ð	d($"& Ðso€167,000€aircraft€are€dependent€on€this€fuel.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àWe€have€in€our€industry€a€reliance€onÐ	ü+¼%* Ðthis€fuel€and€the€lead€that€is€in€the€fuelÐ	@ Ðbecause€of€the€safety€of€flight€issue€and€as€theÐ	Ì ÐEPA€and€Congress€dealt€with€the€issue€of€lead€andÐ	Ø	˜ Ðgetting€it€out€of€motor€gasoline€in€the€earlyÐ	¤d Ð'90s,€there€was€always,€and€I'll€use€the€wordÐ	p
0 Ð'exemption.'€€That€may€not€be€legally€the€rightÐ	<ü
 Ðword,€but€there€was€a€recognition€that€this€fuelÐ	È
 Ðwas€unique€and€general€aviation€was€unique,€soÐ	Ô” Ðcertainly€as€now€that€has€changed,€obviously€weÐ	 ` Ðhave€become€a€much€higher€proportion.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àThat€said,€I€think€that€you€have€to€lookÐ	8ø Ðat€the€total€consumption€of€aviation€gasoline€inÐ	Ä Ðthe€year€is€about€255€million.€€For€motorÐ	Ð Ðgasoline€in€a€day€it's€about€388€million.€€So€weÐ	œ\ Ðare€not€even,€in€our€annual€usage€of€fuel,€we€areÐ	h(	 Ðnot€even€what€the€motor€gasoline€is€in€a€day.€€SoÐ	4!ô
 Ðthat€at€least€gives€it€some€kind€of€context.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àAnd€the€amount€of€fuel€being€consumed€„„Ð	Ì$Œ
" Ðaviation€gasoline€being€consumed€is€also€goingÐ	˜&X $ Ðdown.€€The€numbers€that€we€have€from€the€FAA€showÐ	d($"& Ðthat€there€has€been€an€18€percent€decrease€in€theÐ	0*ð#( Ðfuel€consumption€from€2002€through€2007,€so€youÐ	ü+¼%* Ðcan€see€that€it€is€a€fairly€small€overallÐ	@ Ðconsumption€and€that€consumption€is€going€down.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àA€lot€of€people€are€moving€either€toÐ	Ø	˜ Ðturbine€powered,€which€would€be€jet€engineÐ	¤d Ðaircraft,€or€they€are€now€a€few,€it€is€kind€of€anÐ	p
0 Ðemerging€market,€where€people€are€turning€toÐ	<ü
 Ðdiesel€fuel€as€well,€which€is€starting€to€becomeÐ	È
 Ðmore€and€more€into€the€general€aviationÐ	Ô” Ðmarketplace.€Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àThe€lead€is€really€critical€to€safetyÐ	l, Ðbecause€a€lot€of€the€engine€technology€is€olderÐ	8ø Ðtechnology€and€so€the€lead€is€the€easiest€way€toÐ	Ä Ðaccommodate€the€need€for€the€higher€compressionÐ	Ð Ðengines€in€the€air.€€And€during€the€FAAÐ	œ\ Ðcertification€process,€there€are€demands€that€areÐ	h(	 Ðput€on€an€aircraft€engine€that€it€cannot€fail.€Ð	4!ô
 ÐIf€it€fails,€you€now€are€„„€you€are€going€to€haveÐ	#À	  Ðan€accident.€€So€it€has€been€a€very€importantÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðpart€of€aviation€safety€and€I€think€as€the€EPAÐ	˜&X $ Ðhas€looked€at€this€issue,€the€FAA€has€come€in€andÐ	d($"& Ðargued€that€pretty€strongly.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àWe€have€a€kind€of€a€unique€situation€inÐ	ü+¼%* Ðour€community€right€now€as€we€look€at€where€weÐ	@ Ðare€and€as€we€look€ahead,€and€that€is€that€if€youÐ	Ì Ðtook€that€167,000€aircraft,€and€I€am€kind€ofÐ	Ø	˜ Ðrounding€things€off€here€a€little€bit,€but€IÐ	¤d Ðthink€the€illustration€is€very€appropriate€andÐ	p
0 Ðcorrect,€and€that€is€about€70€percent€of€thoseÐ	<ü
 Ðaircraft€could€use€a€different,€a€lower,€I€willÐ	È
 Ðcall€it€lower,€again€simplistically,€a€lowerÐ	Ô” Ðoctane,€more€maybe€to€motor€gasoline,€fuel.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àUnfortunately,€and€so€that€other€30Ð	l, Ðpercent€that€would€remain€needs€the€lead€additiveÐ	8ø Ðtoday,€that€is€the€largest€user€of€aviationÐ	Ä Ðgasoline,€so€we€call€it€the€70/30€Rule.€€And€soÐ	Ð Ð70€percent€of€the€fleet€could€run€on€a€lowerÐ	œ\ Ðoctane€fuel,€one€that€maybe€doesn't€need€lead,Ð	h(	 Ðbut€the€30€percent€that€need€it€account€for€aboutÐ	4!ô
 Ð70€percent€of€the€consumption€of€aviationÐ	#À	  Ðgasoline.€€And€so€that€is€the€issue€that€we€haveÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðbeen€really€wrestling€with€as€an€aviationÐ	˜&X $ Ðindustry.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àOne€of€the€things€that€I€wanted€to€shareÐ	0*ð#( Ðwith€you€and€it€is€an€exciting€development€withinÐ	ü+¼%* Ðthe€industry,€and€that€is€that€we€are€recognizingÐ	@ Ðthat€both€with€the€work€that€you€are€doing€and€aÐ	Ì Ðpetition€that€was€filed€last€year€by€the€FriendsÐ	Ø	˜ Ðof€the€Earth€on€lead€in€aviation€gasoline,€thatÐ	¤d Ðthere€are€certainly€a€lot€of€environmentalÐ	p
0 Ðinterest,€concern€about€the€lead€in€aviationÐ	<ü
 Ðgasoline.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àLikewise,€because€we€are€such€a€smallÐ	Ô” Ðcomponent€of€the€overall€petroleum€picture,€thereÐ	 ` Ðare€economic€issues€too€because€leaded€gasolineÐ	l, Ðhas€to€be,€for€aviation€uses,€has€to€be€handledÐ	8ø Ðseparately€and€distinctly,€so€it€has€a€dedicatedÐ	Ä Ðtransportation€system.€€And€so€the€commitment€byÐ	Ð Ðthose€companies€is€pretty€significant€when€theyÐ	œ\ Ðare€going€to€be€in€the€aviation€marketplace.Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àThe€point€is,€we€recognize€as€anÐ	4!ô
 Ðindustry€that€we€need€to€come€together€andÐ	#À	  Ðdevelop€a€way€through€this€and€into€the€future.€Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐAnd€while€we€are€very€much€at€what€I€would€callÐ	˜&X $ Ðthe€fledgling€stages,€there€is€at€least€a€planÐ	d($"& Ðthat€is€in€a€draft€form€that€is€being€discussedÐ	0*ð#( Ðamong€AOPA,€the€manufacturers€of€general€aviationÐ	ü+¼%* Ðaircraft,€and€the€other€users€of€aviationÐ	@ Ðgasoline,€as€to€how€we€move€ahead€and€that€willÐ	Ì Ðinclude€a€couple€of€things.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àFirst€of€all,€we€have€got€to€agree€on€aÐ	¤d Ðstandard€that€would€be€the€replacement€fuel€thatÐ	p
0 Ðwould€not€have€lead€in€it€and€what€octane€that€isÐ	<ü
 Ðgoing€to€be€to€accommodate€as€many€existingÐ	È
 Ðaircraft€in€the€fleet€as€possible.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àSecondly,€we€have€to€research€what€kindÐ	 ` Ðof€modifications€would€need€to€be€made€toÐ	l, Ðexisting€aircraft;€again,€they€are€pretty€highÐ	8ø Ðusage€aircraft;€what€kind€of€modifications€theyÐ	Ä Ðwould€need€to€run€on€this,€I€will€call€it€theÐ	Ð Ðfuture€aviation€gasoline.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àAnd€then€of€course€we€have€to€go€throughÐ	h(	 Ðthe€process€of€obtaining€FAA€certification.€€WeÐ	4!ô
 Ðas€a€community€have€to€obtain€FAA€certificationÐ	#À	  Ðfor€all€of€this,€so€that€it€can€be€then€ready€forÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðthe€marketplace.€€Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àNow€there€is€one€other€issue€that€isÐ	d($"& Ðreally€important€to€recognize€as€we€look€atÐ	0*ð#( Ðaviation€fuel,€and€that€is€the€distributionÐ	ü+¼%* Ðnetwork.€€The€aviation€retailer,€which€in€theÐ	@ Ðindustry€is€called€a€'fixed„based€operator;'€itÐ	Ì Ðjust€means€they€are€located€at€an€airport€asÐ	Ø	˜ Ðopposed€to€flying€around€in€the€aviation€system,Ð	¤d Ðright€now€they€only€sell€typically€two€fuels.€Ð	p
0 ÐThey€will€sell€aviation€gasoline,€100€low„lead,Ð	<ü
 Ðand€they€will€sell€jet€fuel.€€Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àFor€them€to€sell€a€third€product,€let'sÐ	Ô” Ðsay€this€new€successor€fuel,€in€duplicate€whileÐ	 ` Ðthe€100€low„lead€is€being€phased€out,€is€going€toÐ	l, Ðbe€a€big€question.€€And€we€certainly€are€not€in€aÐ	8ø Ðposition€to€be€able€to€answer€for€theÐ	Ä Ðmarketplace,€answer€for€those€operators,€how€theyÐ	Ð Ðare€going€to€approach€that.€€But€that€is€going€toÐ	œ\ Ðbe€kind€of€a€final€„„€once€we€get€past€the€fuelÐ	h(	 Ðstandard,€once€we€get€past€the€certificationÐ	4!ô
 Ðissues,€then€it€is€going€to€be€how€we€actually€goÐ	#À	  Ðthrough€that€transition€process.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àSo€with€that,€I€„„€we€have€covered€thisÐ	˜&X $ Ðin€more€detail€in€our€written€statement€and€IÐ	d($"& Ðwould€be€happy€to€try€and€respond€to€anyÐ	0*ð#( Ðquestions€that€you€might€have.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€I€will€just€ask,€does€yourÐ	@ Ðassociation€have€any€opinion€on€our€proposal€asÐ	Ì Ðfar€as€the€National€Ambient€Air€Quality€standardÐ	Ø	˜ Ðand€whether€we€should€go€with€the€„„€somewhereÐ	¤d Ðwithin€the€level€we€have€proposed€or€not.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€No,€we€have€not€examined€itÐ	<ü
 Ðfrom€a€technical€side€because€the€implicationsÐ	È
 Ðfor€us€are€really€difficult€because€of€how€youÐ	Ô” Ðmay€actually€ask€communities€to€do€theÐ	 ` Ðmonitoring.€€What€I€felt€like€was€important€isÐ	l, Ðthat€you€could€at€least€understand€a€little€aboutÐ	8ø Ðwho€we€are€and€also€understand€the€commitment,Ð	Ä Ðthe€recognition€of€the€issue€and€the€commitmentÐ	Ð Ðthat€we€realize€that€we€are€going€to€have€to€moveÐ	œ\ Ðahead.€€So€whatever€the€EPA€is€going€to€have€toÐ	h(	 Ðdo€for€„„€in€a€monitoring€requirement,€my€guessÐ	4!ô
 Ðis€that€is€it€at€least€going€to€be€the€„„€limitedÐ	#À	  Ðin€its€length€of€time€for€the€aviation€industry.€Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐAnd€I€can't€sit€here€today€and€tell€you€that€10,Ð	˜&X $ Ð15,€20€years,€whatever€it€is,€but€it€is€not€goingÐ	d($"& Ðgot€be€a€continuation€in€the€future.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€So€you€are€basicallyÐ	ü+¼%* Ðenvisioning€some€kind€of€phase„out€of€the€lead€inÐ	@ Ðav€gas.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€Yes,€yes.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Yes.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€Yes.€€I€just€„„€it's€justÐ	p
0 Ðat€this€point€in€time€we€are€at€a€point€whereÐ	<ü
 Ðagain€I€can't€really€conjecture€what€the€timeÐ	È
 Ðframe€is€going€to€be.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Right,€right.€€Okay,€thatÐ	 ` Ðis€very€helpful.€€I€actually€just€had€one€otherÐ	l, Ðtechnical€question.€€When€you€were€talking€aboutÐ	8ø Ðthe€30€percent€of€the€aircraft€that€use€the€70Ð	Ä Ðpercent€of€the€av€gas,€just€out€of€curiosity,€doÐ	Ð Ðyou€anticipate€those€aircraft€ultimately€beingÐ	œ\ Ðretired€or€refurbished€to€transition€to€thisÐ	h(	 Ðthird€type€of€fuel?Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€Well,€the€hope€would€beÐ	#À	  Ðthat€there€would€be€some€sort€of€a€modificationÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðthat€could€be€made€to€the€engine€that€would€beÐ	˜&X $ Ðfairly€low€cost€that€would€essentially,€and€againÐ	d($"& ÐI€will€talk€fairly€simplistically€on€this,€but,Ð	0*ð#( Ðbecause€I€am€not€a€mechanic€by€trade€„„Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Me€either,€not€to€worry.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€But€it€will€essentiallyÐ	Ì Ðadjust€the€timing€so€that€you€could€maintain€theÐ	Ø	˜ Ðhigh€power€output€but€do€it€on€a€lower€octaneÐ	¤d Ðfuel.€€And€so€what€we€are€going€to€have€to€do€asÐ	p
0 Ðan€industry€is€say€okay,€who€do€we€want€„„€how€doÐ	<ü
 Ðwe€want€to€accommodate€as€far€as€if€you€had€fromÐ	È
 Ðthe€smallest€of€engines€to€the€largest€ofÐ	Ô” Ðengines,€where€do€we€want€to€draw€the€line€forÐ	 ` Ðthe€standard,€for€the€fuel€standard,€so€thatÐ	l, Ðanybody€above€that€line,€they€are€okay.€€AnybodyÐ	8ø Ðbelow€that€line,€there€is€going€to€have€to€be€aÐ	Ä Ðmodification.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àIt€may€be€that€some€of€the€aircraft€inÐ	œ\ Ðthe€fleet,€like€air€show€performers,€they€end€upÐ	h(	 Ðhaving€what€essentially€would€be€a€very€boutiqueÐ	4!ô
 Ðfuel€that€is€available€for€some€very,€veryÐ	#À	  Ðlimited€purposes,€but€for€the€rank€and€file€weÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðreally€do€see€that€it€will€be€some€sort€of€aÐ	˜&X $ Ðmodification€to€the€engine.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àAgain,€with€enough€phase„in€time,€itÐ	0*ð#( Ðcould€be€done€through€overhauls,€through€overhaulÐ	ü+¼%* Ðcycles,€because€in€an€aircraft,€you€have€toÐ	@ Ðoverhaul€the€engine€„„Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€You€do.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€„„€or€have€seriousÐ	¤d Ðexaminations€during€its€process€of€use.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€I€see.€€Yes.€€Okay.€€AndÐ	<ü
 Ðjust€how€frequent€are€the€overhauls?€€Are€theyÐ	È
 Ðevery€five€years€or€it€depends€how€much€you€useÐ	Ô” Ðit€I€suppose?Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€It€depends€on€the€type€ofÐ	l, Ðaircraft.€€You€have€to€do€it€„„€every€100€hoursÐ	8ø Ðyou€are€doing€some€inspection€of€the€air€frameÐ	Ä Ðand€the€engine€but€you€are€also€having€to€changeÐ	Ð Ðoil€on€a€pretty€frequent€basis€and€some€otherÐ	œ\ Ðthings.€€So€there€are€different€reasons€whyÐ	h(	 Ðpeople€would€be€looking€at€an€engine€but€it€isÐ	4!ô
 Ðgoing€to€vary€really€depending€on€how€much€youÐ	#À	  Ðare€flying.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.€€That's€very€helpful.€Ð	˜&X $ ÐÌàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Just,€you€said€currentÐ	0*ð#( Ðconsumption€is€255€million,€gallons€was€that?Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€Correct.€€Right.€€And€thatÐ	@ Ðis€on€an€annual€basis.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Okay.€€And€I€guess,€I€don'tÐ	Ø	˜ Ðknow,€if€the€thinking€has€proceeded€this€far,€butÐ	¤d Ðyou€said€there€is€currently€a€lower€octane€fuelÐ	p
0 Ðavailable€and€do€you€have€a€sense€of€where€thatÐ	<ü
 Ðcurrent€level€fits€with€the€levels€underÐ	È
 Ðdiscussion€for€the€future?Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€Yes,€we€don't.€€There€isÐ	 ` Ðnot€an€aviation€fuel€that€is€available€right€now.€Ð	l, ÐWhen€you€start€looking€at€alternatives,€there€areÐ	8ø Ðsome€aircraft€that€are€actually€permitted€by€theÐ	Ä ÐFAA€to€use€auto€gasoline,€okay?€€They€do€itÐ	Ð Ðunder,€excuse€me,€something€called€theÐ	œ\ ÐSupplemental€Type€Certificate.€€Now€the€problemÐ	h(	 Ðright€now€is€that€you€„„€the€FAA€does€not€allowÐ	4!ô
 Ðyou€to€use€an€ethanol€blended€motor€gasoline.€€SoÐ	#À	  Ðit€is€really€tough€to€find€it€and€it€has€becomeÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðquite€the€web€board€kind€of€chat€room€complaintsÐ	˜&X $ Ðwe€get€from€members,€that€has€become€a€pretty€bigÐ	d($"& Ðissue.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àAs€a€matter€of€fact,€this€past€weekend€IÐ	ü+¼%* Ðgot€an€earful€from€a€member€at€a€fly„in€we€hadÐ	@ Ðabout€this€very€topic.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àSo€that€is€not€really€a€viableÐ	Ø	˜ Ðalternative€for€us€but€something€that€is€at€leastÐ	¤d Ðable€to€be€handled€through€the€distributionÐ	p
0 Ðnetwork,€that€is€used€for€motor€gasoline,€isÐ	<ü
 Ðreally€what€I€think€ultimately€we€need€to€get€to.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àThe€octane€rating€for€car€fuel,Ð	Ô” Ðautomobile€gasoline€versus€aviation€gasoline€isÐ	 ` Ðactually€a€little€different€type€of€octane€ratingÐ	l, Ðso€they€don't€mean€exactly€the€same€thing.€€But€IÐ	8ø Ðthink€for€just€illustrative€purposes,€we€wouldÐ	Ä Ðprobably€be€talking€about€something€that€is€atÐ	Ð Ðleast€at€the€high€end€of€motor€gasoline€octaneÐ	œ\ Ðrating,€something€like€that.€€Again,€that€is€partÐ	h(	 Ðof€what€we€are€really€going€to€have€to€look€atÐ	4!ô
 Ðvery€seriously€because€again,€we€are€going€toÐ	#À	  Ðhave€to€look€at€what€modifications€are€going€toÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðhave€to€be€made€from€that.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àAnd€of€course€the€oil€companiesÐ	d($"& Ðthemselves€are€going€to€have€a€lot€to€say€aboutÐ	0*ð#( Ðwhere€that€stands€as€well.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Thank€you.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMR.€CEBULA:€€Thank€you.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Thank€you€very€much.€€Okay.€Ð	Ø	˜ ÐOur€next€speaker€is€Teresa€Bowers,€andÐ	¤d Ðrepresenting€American€Petroleum€Institute.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àMS.€BOWERS:€€Good€morning.Ð	<ü
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Good€morning.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€BOWERS:€€My€name€is€Teresa€Bowers.€Ð	Ô” ÐThat€is€spelled€B„O„W„E„R„S€and€I€work€forÐ	 ` ÐGradient€Corporation,€which€is€an€environmentalÐ	l, Ðconsulting€firm€that€specializes€in€human€healthÐ	8ø Ðrisk€assessment.€€My€appearance€here€today€isÐ	Ä Ðsponsored€by€the€American€Petroleum€Institute.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àI€am€a€geochemist€and€a€risk€assessorÐ	œ\ Ðand€I€have€worked€for€many€years€on€issuesÐ	h(	 Ðinvolving€naturally€occurring€elements€in€ourÐ	4!ô
 Ðenvironment€and€risks€that€can€occur€as€a€resultÐ	#À	  Ðof€exposure€to€elevated€levels€of€these€elements.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àI€have€been€involved€in€this€NAAQSÐ	˜&X $ Ðreview€process€since€late€2004€when€the€currentÐ	d($"& Ðreview€cycle€began€and€today€I€want€to€make€a€fewÐ	0*ð#( Ðcomments€about€the€proposed€rule.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àFirst,€I€would€like€to€commend€EPA€onÐ	@ Ðthe€amazing€amount€of€detailed€work€that€has€goneÐ	Ì Ðinto€this€proposed€rule€and€the€technicalÐ	Ø	˜ Ðdocuments€that€preceded€it,€which€were€allÐ	¤d Ðcompleted€over€a€very€short€period€of€time.€€ThisÐ	p
0 ÐNAAQS€review€began€the€transition€to€EPA's€newÐ	<ü
 ÐNAAQS€approach,€designed€to€improve€theÐ	È
 Ðefficiency€of€the€process€in€order€to€meet€theÐ	Ô” Ðgoal€of€reviewing€each€NAAQS€within€the€five„yearÐ	 ` Ðcycle€required€by€the€Clean€Air€Act.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àAnd€the€risk€assessment,€the€staff€paperÐ	8ø Ðand€the€ANPRM€provided€an€excellent€framework€forÐ	Ä Ðthe€development€of€the€proposed€rule,€andÐ	Ð Ðquantification€of€the€link€between€environmentalÐ	œ\ Ðlevels,€exposures,€estimated€health€impacts€andÐ	h(	 Ðthe€uncertainties€associated€with€these€linkages.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àHowever,€and€you€knew€this€was€coming,Ð	#À	  Ðin€the€proposed€rule€there€are€areas€whereÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðinformation€is€missing,€incomplete€or€unclear€andÐ	˜&X $ ÐI€would€like€to€talk€about€three€of€these€today.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àOne€area€that€would€benefit€from€furtherÐ	0*ð#( Ðclarification€is€the€description€of€theÐ	ü+¼%* Ðscientific€basis€of€Table€7€of€the€proposed€rule.€Ð	@ ÐThis€is€the€table€that€lays€out€a€range€of€IQÐ	Ì Ðdecrements€estimated€to€occur€at€various€levelsÐ	Ø	˜ Ðof€this€criteria€polluted€in€air€and€it€is€theÐ	¤d Ðmost€important€page€in€the€proposed€rule€in€thatÐ	p
0 Ðapparently€EPA€will€make€a€final€decision€aboutÐ	<ü
 Ðthe€NAAQS€based€on€this€table.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àHowever,€EPA's€Clean€Air€ScienceÐ	Ô” ÐAdvisory€Committee€earlier€this€week€noted€thatÐ	 ` Ðthe€scientific€basis€of€this€table€is€not€wellÐ	l, Ðexplained€in€the€proposed€rule€and€concluded€thatÐ	8ø Ðit€represents€new€science,€which€they€had€not€yetÐ	Ä Ðhad€the€opportunity€to€review.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àHowever,€from€my€review,€everything€inÐ	œ\ Ðthe€table€is€based€on€information€in€either€theÐ	h(	 Ðcriteria€document€or€the€risk€assessment,Ð	4!ô
 Ðalthough€it€is€difficult€to€trace€the€origin€ofÐ	#À	  Ðthe€information€in€this€table.€€EPA€needs€toÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðbetter€document€and€explain€how€informationÐ	˜&X $ Ðpresented€in€the€previous€technical€documents€wasÐ	d($"& Ðused€to€develop€the€analyses€presented€in€TableÐ	0*ð#( Ð7.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àA€second€area€needing€further€discussionÐ	@ Ðin€the€proposed€rule€is€the€temporal€variabilityÐ	Ì Ðof€ambient€air€levels€of€this€criteria€pollutantÐ	Ø	˜ Ðand€the€effect€of€that€variability€on€estimatedÐ	¤d Ðrisks.€€This€is€especially€important€for€aÐ	p
0 Ðchronic€toxin€for€which€long„term€exposures€areÐ	<ü
 Ðimportant.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àThis€variability,€which€results€fromÐ	Ô” Ðvariable€emissions€and€variable€meteorologicalÐ	 ` Ðconditions,€is€well€formulated€in€EPA's€riskÐ	l, Ðassessment.€€But€discussion€of€it€is€missing€fromÐ	8ø Ðthe€proposed€rule.€€Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àAs€a€consequence€of€the€variability,€theÐ	Ð Ðannual€average€air€level€is€always€lower€than€theÐ	œ\ Ðhighest€monthly€or€quarterly€average,€thusÐ	h(	 Ðestimated€risks€differ€depending€on€the€averagingÐ	4!ô
 Ðtime€used.€€Although€the€risk€assessment€presentsÐ	#À	  Ðfactors€that€allow€conversion€between€variousÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðaveraging€times,€these€factors€are€missing€fromÐ	˜&X $ Ðthe€proposed€rule.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àThe€presentation€of€estimated€risks€inÐ	0*ð#( Ðthe€proposed€rule€needs€to€be€clarified€so€thatÐ	ü+¼%* Ðthe€reader€understands€which€averaging€times€wereÐ	@ Ðused€as€a€basis€for€each€of€the€estimated€risks.€Ð	Ì ÐThe€proposed€rule€should€also€have€described€andÐ	Ø	˜ Ðdocumented€what€is€known€and€not€known€about€theÐ	¤d Ðtiming€of€health€effects€of€interest€relative€toÐ	p
0 Ðshort„term€versus€long„term€air€exposures.Ð	<ü
 ÐàÔ
àThird,€I€would€like€to€speak€for€aÐ	È
 Ðmoment€about€the€issue€of€monitor€placement.€€EPAÐ	Ô” Ðidentifies€a€need€for€additional€air€monitorsÐ	 ` Ðregardless€of€the€final€level€chosen€for€theÐ	l, ÐNAAQS.€€It€is€important€to€locate€these€monitorsÐ	8ø Ðin€population€centers€where€children,€the€mostÐ	Ä Ðsensitive€population,€live€and€play.€€TheÐ	Ð Ðproposed€rule€targets€additional€monitors€nearÐ	œ\ Ðsources€above€certain€emission€thresholds€and€inÐ	h(	 Ðlocations€with€populations€exceeding€one€million.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àThe€two€goals€are€not€mutuallyÐ	#À	  Ðexclusive.€€Source€oriented€monitors€should€alsoÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðbe€placed€in€areas€where€exposure€is€likely€toÐ	˜&X $ Ðoccur,€not€along€roadways€or€airport€runways€thatÐ	d($"& Ðare€removed€from€population€centers€orÐ	0*ð#( Ðresidential€areas.€€Monitor€locations€should€beÐ	ü+¼%* Ðoptimized€as€surrogates€of€actual€exposures.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àThank€you€for€this€opportunity€toÐ	Ì Ðprovide€comments€this€morning€and€I€would€beÐ	Ø	˜ Ðhappy€to€answer€any€questions€you€might€have.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Could€I€ask€you€to€just€goÐ	p
0 Ðover€again€the€last,€not€your€third€point€but€theÐ	<ü
 Ðconclusion€of€what€you€were€saying€in€your€secondÐ	È
 Ðpoint€about€temporal€variability?€€You€said€thatÐ	Ô” Ðwe€had€to€clarify€the€estimated€risks,€if€IÐ	 ` Ðunderstood€it€correctly,€and€which€averaging€timeÐ	l, Ðwent€with€which€risk€level.€€Is€that€„„€did€IÐ	8ø Ðunderstand€that€correctly?Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMS.€BOWERS:€€Yes.€€In€the€riskÐ	Ð Ðassessment,€every€presentation€of€risk€is€madeÐ	œ\ Ðwith€a€discussion€of€what€the€averaging€time€wasÐ	h(	 Ðand€what€„„€so€the€monthly€average,€the€quarterlyÐ	4!ô
 Ðaverage€and€the€annual€air€lead€level.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àIn€the€proposed€rule,€risk€estimates€areÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðpresented€with€no€discussion€of€what€theÐ	˜&X $ Ðaveraging€time€was€for€the€air€lead€levels€thatÐ	d($"& Ðwent€with€it.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.€€That€helps.€€And€didÐ	ü+¼%* Ðyou€have€any€comment€at€all€on€the€proposedÐ	@ Ðlevels€that€we€put€forward?Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€BOWERS:€€I€don't€have€a€comment€atÐ	Ø	˜ Ðthis€time€on€those.€€I€think€the€technicalÐ	¤d Ðdocuments€did€a€very€good€job€of€laying€out€theÐ	p
0 Ðscience€in€support€of€the€range€of€levels.€€IÐ	<ü
 Ðthink€the€choice€of€an€actual€level€is€going€toÐ	È
 Ðcome€down€to€a€policy€decision.€€I€don't€thinkÐ	Ô” Ðthe€science€is€sufficiently€precise€to€point€toÐ	 ` Ðone€level€and€one€level€only.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.€€Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àMS.€BOWERS:€Thank€you.€€Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Let€me€check.€€Any€„„€€justÐ	Ð Ðone€second.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€These€are€very€good€points.€Ð	h(	 ÐI€guess€I€was€a€little€curious€if€API€members€areÐ	4!ô
 Ðsignificant€sources€of€lead€emissions€or€if€theÐ	#À	  Ðinterest€is€more€related€to€the€av€gas€refiningÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðissue€that€we€just€heard€about.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àMS.€BOWERS:€€I€think€those€are€allÐ	d($"& Ðconcerns,€yes.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€I€just€was€not€aware€that€„„Ð	ü+¼%* ÐI€guess,€can€you€elaborate€on€the€sources€ofÐ	@ Ðemissions€from€API€members?€€Are€they€identifiedÐ	Ì Ðin€the€criteria€document?Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àMS.€BOWERS:€€I€don't€have€enoughÐ	¤d Ðinformation€myself€to€be€able€to€do€that,€sorry.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€I€just€was€not€familiar€withÐ	<ü
 Ðthat.€€And€then€I€guess,€no,€that's€fine.€€Sorry.€Ð	È
 ÐJust€thinking€things€over.€€Thanks€very€much.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMS.€BOWERS:€€Okay.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Thank€you.€€Is€thereÐ	l, Ðanybody€else€in€the€audience€who€would€like€toÐ	8ø Ðspeak€at€this€time?€€Okay.€€I€think€then€we€willÐ	Ä Ðadjourn€for€now€with€the€understanding€that€weÐ	Ð Ðare€available€to€come€back€at€any€point€ifÐ	œ\ Ðsomebody€would€like€to€speak€and€provideÐ	h(	 Ðtestimony.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àAnd€we€will€certainly€reconvene€no€laterÐ	#À	  Ðthan€5:45€this€afternoon€when€we€do€have€our€nextÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðscheduled€speaker.€€Thank€you.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
à[Adjourned.]Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€And€if€you€could€state€yourÐ	0*ð#( Ðname€and€affiliation€for€the€record.€€Brian'sÐ	ü+¼%* Ðready?Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMR.€EWART:€€Certainly.€€I€am€Gary€Ewart,Ð	Ì ÐDirector€of€Government€Relations€for€the€AmericanÐ	Ø	˜ ÐThoracic€Society.€€And€I€am€pleased€to€be€hereÐ	¤d Ðbefore€this€public€hearing€to€collect€testimonyÐ	p
0 Ðon€the€proposed€standard€for€airborne€lead.Ð	<ü
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€And€Gary,€if€you€could€tryÐ	È
 Ðto€speak€a€little€closer€to€the€microphone,€thatÐ	Ô” Ðwould€help.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àMR.€EWART:€€I€will.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Thank€you.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àMR.€EWART:€€This€will€be€my€attempt€atÐ	Ä ÐAmerican€Idol€in€getting€up€close€to€the€mikeÐ	Ð Ðthere.€€The€American€Thoracic€Society€is€veryÐ	œ\ Ðpleased€to€comment€on€this€and€I€have€to€say€asÐ	h(	 Ðan€editorial,€I€am€a€little€disappointed€there€isÐ	4!ô
 Ðnot€a€lot€more€community€input€in€this€becauseÐ	#À	  Ðwhile€I€think€reduction€in€lead€has€been€aÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðsuccess€story,€a€public€health€success€story,€itÐ	˜&X $ Ðis€a€success€story€that€has€not€reached€its€endÐ	d($"& Ðand€we€think€further€action€is€needed€by€EPA€toÐ	0*ð#( Ðget€us€towards€where€the€standard€should€be.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àAs€you€know,€the€current€standard€of€1.5Ð	@ Ðmicrograms€per€cubic€meter€over€a€three„monthÐ	Ì Ðperiod€was€established€in€1978.€€At€the€time€itÐ	Ø	˜ Ðwas€a€fairly€aggressive€standard€and€marked€anÐ	¤d Ðimportant€step€in€improving€our€nation's€airÐ	p
0 Ðquality€and€a€very€important€step€in€improvingÐ	<ü
 Ðthe€health€of€children€in€the€United€States.€Ð	È
 ÐWhile€children€are€not€the€only€population€orÐ	Ô” Ðsubgroup€at€risk,€they€certainly€are€at€uniqueÐ	 ` Ðrisk€to€exposure€to€lead.€€Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àLead€was€once€widely€used€in€gasolineÐ	8ø Ðand€paint€products€and€is€still€released€as€aÐ	Ä Ðbyproduct€of€many€industrial€processes,Ð	Ð Ðparticularly€from€power€plants,€smelters,€cementÐ	œ\ Ðkilns,€and€is€also€present€in€some€types€ofÐ	h(	 Ðaviation€fuel.€€The€known€effects€of€lead€includeÐ	4!ô
 Ðlowering€IQ€levels,€a€lifelong€health€effect€withÐ	#À	  Ðsignificant€socioeconomic€implications,Ð	Ì$Œ
" Ðbehavioral€effects€such€as€aggression€andÐ	˜&X $ Ðattention€disorders.€€Lead€can€also€cause€kidneyÐ	d($"& Ðdamage€and€cardiovascular€injury.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àThe€American€Thoracic€Society,€becauseÐ	ü+¼%* Ðof€our€interest€in€lung€health€being€one€of€theÐ	@ Ðroutes€of€administration€of€exposure€to€lead,€hasÐ	Ì Ða€unique€interest€in€setting€a€standard€that€isÐ	Ø	˜ Ðprotective€of€the€public€health€for€the€patientsÐ	¤d Ðwe€serve€in€the€larger€community.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àThe€ATS€is€pleased€the€EPA€isÐ	<ü
 Ðrecommending€a€stricter€standard€for€lead.€€TheÐ	È
 Ðadministrator€has€recommended€revised€standard€ofÐ	Ô” Ð0.1€to€0.3€micrograms€per€cubic€meter€over€aÐ	 ` Ðthree„month€period.€€While€this€is€a€welcome€stepÐ	l, Ðforward€in€the€right€direction,€the€AmericanÐ	8ø ÐThoracic€Society€feels€the€EPA€should€set€an€evenÐ	Ä Ðstricter€standard.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àThe€ATS€supports€a€standard€of€no€higherÐ	œ\ Ðthan€0.2€micrograms€per€cubic€meter€over€a€one„Ð	h(	 Ðmonth€period.€€This€recommendation€is€unanimouslyÐ	4!ô
 Ðsupported€by€the€EPA,€CASAC€and€by€the€Children'sÐ	#À	  ÐHealth€Protection€Advisory€Committee.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àIt€is€noted€in€comments€of€both€the€EPAÐ	˜&X $ Ðstaff,€CASAC€and€the€Children's€Health€ProtectionÐ	d($"& ÐAdvisory€Committee€comments€that€even€short„termÐ	0*ð#( Ðexposure€to€lead€can€cause€measurable€healthÐ	ü+¼%* Ðeffects.€€For€this€reason€the€ATS€stronglyÐ	@ Ðsupports€a€one€month€averaging€time€in€place€ofÐ	Ì Ðthe€three€month€averaging€time€currently€proposedÐ	Ø	˜ Ðby€EPA.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àWhile€I€am€not€prepared€to€make€commentsÐ	p
0 Ðtoday€about€monitoring,€we€are€pleased€that€EPAÐ	<ü
 Ðis€proposing€to€increase€a€number€of€monitors€andÐ	È
 Ðwe€will€comment€in€writing€about€the€proposal€forÐ	Ô” Ðusing€PM€monitors€for€establishing€lead€exposure.€Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àAnd€with€that,€I€would€be€happy€toÐ	l, Ðanswer€any€questions.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Thank€you.€€We€will€lookÐ	Ä Ðforward€to€your€comments€on€PM10€since€that's€anÐ	Ð Ðissue€that€has€a€lot€of€different€dimensions€toÐ	œ\ Ðit.€€Just€one€question€on€using€a€monthlyÐ	h(	 Ðaveraging€period,€do€you€have€a€view€on€whetherÐ	4!ô
 Ðit€should€be€the€maximum€monthly€figure€or€aÐ	#À	  Ðsecond€maximum€monthly?€€We€proposed,€as€I€thinkÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðyou€know,€a€maximum€quarterly€or€a€second€maxÐ	˜&X $ Ðmonthly€averaging.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àMR.€EWART:€€The€ATS€will€comment€in€ourÐ	0*ð#( Ðwritten€comments€but€we€believe€that€maximumÐ	ü+¼%* Ðmonthly€is€the€appropriate€standard€to€use.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.€€Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMR.€EWART:€€And€I€should€preface€thisÐ	Ø	˜ Ðwith€I€am€a€lobbyist€by€training,€not€a€clinicianÐ	¤d Ðso€I€could€probably€handle€a€couple€of€firstÐ	p
0 Ðlevel€questions€but€probably€can't€go€too€farÐ	<ü
 Ðdown€the€road€there.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Yes,€please€go€ahead.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMR.€PEKAR:€€That€would€be€it.€€So€justÐ	 ` Ðon€the€short„term€health€effects,€are€you€guysÐ	l, Ðgoing€to€provide€citations€on€the€short„termÐ	8ø Ðhealth€effects€literature€that€you€are€talkingÐ	Ä Ðabout?Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àMR.€EWART:€€Yes,€we€will.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àMR.€PEKAR:€€I€am€familiar€with€some€ofÐ	h(	 Ðthose€but€just€being€clear€about€what€you€areÐ	4!ô
 Ðreferencing€would€be€good.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àMR.€EWART:€€We€will€be€providingÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðreferences€with€some€of€the€known€short„termÐ	˜&X $ Ðhealth€effects.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àMR.€PEKAR:€€Okay.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€That€would€be€extremelyÐ	ü+¼%* Ðhelpful€to€us.€€David,€anything?€€Okay.€€Great,Ð	@ Ðthank€you.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMR.€EWART:€€Thank€you€very€much.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Thank€you,€Gary.€€Okay,€IÐ	¤d Ðthink€we€will€adjourn€again,€since€I€don't€seeÐ	p
0 Ðany€other€speakers.€€And€it€is€lunch€breakÐ	<ü
 Ðactually,€so€we€will€check€back€in€at€1:30.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
à[Adjourn.]Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€We€are€restarting€ourÐ	 ` Ðpublic€hearing€on€the€lead€„„€the€State€andÐ	l, ÐNational€Air€Quality€Standard€for€Lead€proposal.€Ð	8ø ÐJust€so€you€know€what€the€procedures€are,€my€nameÐ	Ä Ðis€Lydia€Wegman€and€the€other€two€panel€membersÐ	Ð Ðare€Zach€Pekar€and€David€Orlin.€€And€you€canÐ	œ\ Ðspeak€for€as€long€as€you€like€since€you€are€theÐ	h(	 Ðonly€speaker,€although€we€had€said€no€more€thanÐ	4!ô
 Ðten€minutes€for€others.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àAnd€I€guess€maybe€Rebecca€here€will€keepÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðtrack€of€time,€should€we€need€that.€€And€I€thinkÐ	˜&X $ Ðthat€is€really€all€I€wanted€to€say.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€My€name€is€LindaÐ	0*ð#( ÐLindquist.€€I€am€a€registered€nurse€and€I€amÐ	ü+¼%* Ðrepresenting€being€an€American€citizen€today€hereÐ	@ Ðat€this€hearing.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€And€can€you€speak€a€littleÐ	Ø	˜ Ðcloser€to€the€mike.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Sure.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€So€that€our€court€reporterÐ	<ü
 Ðcan€hear.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Thank€you.€€As€IÐ	Ô” Ðmentioned€I€am€a€registered€nurse€and€theÐ	 ` Ðinformation€that€I€am€going€to€talk€about€todayÐ	l, Ðdirectly€impacts€all€of€us€no€matter€what€age,Ð	8ø Ðbut€as€we€find,€the€lead€exposures€have€aÐ	Ä Ðneurotoxic€effect.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àSo€the€focus€I€want€to€focus€on€today€isÐ	œ\ Ðthat€neurotoxicity€in€the€exposures€and€bringingÐ	h(	 Ðit€down€to€the€cellular€level.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àAs€you€can€imagine,€it€is€those€that€areÐ	#À	  Ðpregnant€and€young€children€and€the€growingÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðfetuses€that€are€at€the€highest€risk€so€I€willÐ	˜&X $ Ðre„emphasize€that€later€on.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àSo€for€the€most€part,€my€interest€inÐ	0*ð#( Ðthis€topic€is€to€really€look€at€how€is€thatÐ	ü+¼%* Ðexposure€affecting€the€brain€development,€howÐ	@ Ðdoes€that€translate€into€behavior€and€on€theÐ	Ì Ðcellular€level,€what€is€happening€and€some€of€theÐ	Ø	˜ Ðmitigating€factors.€€And€hopefully€I€will€touchÐ	¤d Ðon€all€of€them.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àWith€research€being€one€of€the€key€areasÐ	<ü
 Ðto€truly€understand€the€complexity,€as€a€publicÐ	È
 Ðhealth€nurse€we€recognize€the€evidence€baseÐ	Ô” Ðbehind€the€work€that€we€do.€€We€are€growing€inÐ	 ` Ðthat€area€in€our€hospitals€and€our€communitiesÐ	l, Ðand€the€whole€direction€of€the€medical€field€isÐ	8ø Ðmoving€in€the€evidence€base€direction.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àLead€is€just€one€of€a€multitude€ofÐ	Ð Ðneurotoxins€along€with€other€areas€such€as€PCBs,Ð	œ\ Ðwhich€are€persistent€in€the€environment,€andÐ	h(	 Ðmercury,€which€are€the€more€common€ones€that€youÐ	4!ô
 Ðhear€more€on€a€daily€basis.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àSo€what€is€neurotoxicity?€€It€is€theÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðstate€of€having€a€poisonous€effect€on€the€neuronsÐ	˜&X $ Ðand€the€neuro€circuitry€of€your€brain€developmentÐ	d($"& Ðand€it€may€produce€changes€in€the€architectureÐ	0*ð#( Ðand€the€function€of€the€brain€as€it€results€fromÐ	ü+¼%* Ðincreased€exposure€or€minute€amounts€of€exposureÐ	@ Ðto€the€various€biological€and€chemical€agents.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àJust€to€emphasize,€I€probably€won'tÐ	Ø	˜ Ðbring€in€a€lot€of€statistics€but€my€goal€here€isÐ	¤d Ðfor€you€to€understand€more€or€less€the€impact€ofÐ	p
0 Ða€life„long€exposure€and€how€it€can€impair€humanÐ	<ü
 Ðdevelopment.€Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àWhat€we€do€know€is€there€are€variousÐ	Ô” Ðfactors€that€contribute€to€neurotoxicity€andÐ	 ` Ðneuro€function.€€The€genes,€your€protein€makeupÐ	l, Ðcan€impair€your€growth€and€development€inÐ	8ø Ðgeneral.€€And€the€impairment€from€lead€exposureÐ	Ä Ðoccurs€before€birth,€meaning€in€the€pregnantÐ	Ð Ðfemale.€€So€she€can€have€lead€in€her€body€andÐ	œ\ Ðthat€can€be€transferred€through€the€umbilicalÐ	h(	 Ðcord€in€the€growth€and€development€process.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àAnd€it€is€the€immature€brain€that€is€theÐ	#À	  Ðmost€vulnerable€because€the€brain€lacks€a€blood„Ð	Ì$Œ
" Ðbrain€barrier.€€And€as€an€adult,€you€and€I€areÐ	˜&X $ Ðprotected.€€The€blood„brain€barrier€doesn'tÐ	d($"& Ðdevelop€up€until€about€a€year€and€a€half,€twoÐ	0*ð#( Ðyears€into€the€growth€developmental€cycle.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àSo€what€does€that€do?€€That€really€opensÐ	@ Ðup€Pandora's€Box€for€the€toxins€that€are€bio„Ð	Ì Ðaccumulative€in€the€fatty€tissue€and€the€brainÐ	Ø	˜ Ðis,€I€don't€have€the€hard€core€statistics,€butÐ	¤d Ðthe€brain€consists€of€quite€a€bit€of€fat.€€So€weÐ	p
0 Ðdo€know€that€the€toxicity€is€getting€into€theÐ	<ü
 Ðbrain,€the€lead€exposures.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àAnd€the€other€point€here€is€that€it€isÐ	Ô” Ðthe€early€exposure€which€has€a€lasting€effect€onÐ	 ` Ðdevelopment€and€I€will€try€to€explain€that€in€aÐ	l, Ðlittle€bit€more€detail.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àWe€do€know€that€neurotoxins,€it€is€aÐ	Ä Ðbiochemical€process.€€It€is€a€disruption€of€theÐ	Ð Ðneural€cell€migration€from€one€part€of€the€brainÐ	œ\ Ðto€another€and€it€also€impairs€the€formation€ofÐ	h(	 Ðthe€synapse.€€So€I€like€to€use€the€analogy€of€aÐ	4!ô
 Ðbuilding€being€erected€and€constructed.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àWhen€we€are€laying€the€foundation€of€theÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðcement,€you€usually€have€to€have€the€rightÐ	˜&X $ Ðmoisture€content€for€that€concrete€to€harden€inÐ	d($"& Ðthe€right€time€sequence.€€If€you€have€too€muchÐ	0*ð#( Ðhumidity€or€not€enough€humidity,€the€concrete€canÐ	ü+¼%* Ðbecome€very€brittle€and€break€within€a€coupleÐ	@ Ðmonths€of€it€being€laid€down.€€And€it€affects€theÐ	Ì Ðwhole€foundation€that€is€built€on€top€of€it.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àThis€is€the€same€analogy€that€happensÐ	¤d Ðwith€lead€exposure€in€our€young,€growing€humans.€Ð	p
0 ÐIf€you€get€the€exposure,€even€at€the€fetus€level,Ð	<ü
 Ðwe€do€know€that€it€is€going€to€impair€the€synapseÐ	È
 Ðdevelopment€and€they€are€starting€already€on€aÐ	Ô” Ðvery€low€reserve€compared€to€somebody€that€is€notÐ	 ` Ðexposed€to€any€of€the€toxins.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àSo€what€does€that€mean?€€It€means€thatÐ	8ø Ðyes,€the€brain€is€quite€resilient€but€we€also€doÐ	Ä Ðknow€that€that€child€is€not€going€to€be€startingÐ	Ð Ðfrom€the€very€same€spot€as€if€somebody€didn't€getÐ	œ\ Ðexposed.€€So€that€is€a€real€key€point,€thatÐ	h(	 Ðanything€that€develops€from€there€on€out€canÐ	4!ô
 Ðimpair€that€person.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àAnd€yes,€there€are€other€environmentalÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðvariables€in€that€individual's€upbringing€thatÐ	˜&X $ Ðcould€impair€it€even€further,€but€they€areÐ	d($"& Ðstarting€at€that€spot€with€limitations.€€So€itÐ	0*ð#( Ðinterferes€with€the€neurotransmitters,€theÐ	ü+¼%* Ðchemical€carrying€signal€throughout€the€body,Ð	@ Ðlearning,€control€of€emotions,€socialÐ	Ì Ðinteractions,€and€such€fundamental€issues€likeÐ	Ø	˜ Ðthat€are€impaired.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àThe€process€of€movement,€vision,€hearingÐ	p
0 Ðand€touch€are€also€directly€related€to€toxicityÐ	<ü
 Ðexposures.€€And€then€the€more€complex€humanÐ	È
 Ðdevelopments€that€are€impaired€and€susceptible€toÐ	Ô” Ðexposure€are€your€thinking€and€feelings.€€And€weÐ	 ` Ðknow€that€that€is€the€highest€cognitiveÐ	l, Ðfunctioning€part€of€a€human€being.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àSo€what€is€the€anatomy€of€a€brain?€Ð	Ä ÐReally€it€is€a€mixture€of€several€components.€Ð	Ð ÐThere€is€a€lot€going€on€in€the€brain€but€I€willÐ	œ\ Ðbreak€it€down.€€The€nerve€cells,€the€supportÐ	h(	 Ðcells,€which€are€your€astrocytes,€yourÐ	4!ô
 Ðoligodendrocytes,€etcetera.€€I€didn't€get€tooÐ	#À	  Ðinto€detail€with€that,€but€it€is€your€nerveÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðendocrine€coordinating€functions€and€it€is€aÐ	˜&X $ Ðfeedback€network€that€is€all€interrupted,€such€asÐ	d($"& Ðyour€hypothalamus,€your€pituitary€gland;€itÐ	0*ð#( Ðaffects€human€behavior.€€So€it€does€even€impactÐ	ü+¼%* Ðyour€signals€when€you€are€hungry€or€you€are€upsetÐ	@ Ðand€that€learning€and€cognitive€reasoning€canÐ	Ì Ðalso€be€interfered€with.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àThe€central€nervous€system€is€like€aÐ	¤d Ðsuper€highway€of€the€United€States.€€It€reallyÐ	p
0 Ðconnects€everything€in€your€body€together.Ð	<ü
 ÐàÔ
àI€would€like€to€mention€again€the€blood„Ð	È
 Ðbrain€barrier.€€It€is€a€tightly€packed€set€ofÐ	Ô” Ðcapillaries€that€regulates€and€screens€solutesÐ	 ` Ðand€nutrients€in€and€out€of€your€brain.€€Lipid€„„Ð	l, Ðit€is€a€lipid€mediation€transport€system,€so€itÐ	8ø Ðdoes€transport€fat.€€Any€chemicals€attached€toÐ	Ä Ðfat€cells,€it€can€be€transported€into€the€brain.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àAll€right.€€As€far€as€neurotoxins€go,€weÐ	œ\ Ðdo€know€that€it€is€all€related€to€the€timing€ofÐ	h(	 Ðthe€exposure,€the€duration€of€the€exposure,€theÐ	4!ô
 Ðdistribution€in€the€central€nervous€system,Ð	#À	  Ðamount€and€concentration€in€the€central€nervousÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðsystem€tissues€and€the€ability€of€agents€toÐ	˜&X $ Ðinterfere€with€developmental€process.€€So€forÐ	d($"& Ðexample,€my€„„€let's€say€I€am€exposed€to€the€sameÐ	0*ð#( Ðamount€of€lead€as€the€audience,€it€may€lodgeÐ	ü+¼%* Ðdifferently€in€my€brain€than€it€would€them€and€itÐ	@ Ðwould€affect€me€differently€than€it€would€them,Ð	Ì Ðbecause€the€brain€is€very€complex€and€where€itÐ	Ø	˜ Ðends€up€lodging€will€impair€that€part€of€yourÐ	¤d Ðbody€is€a€good€way€to€understand€how€that€works.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àAnd€depending€upon€your€nutrition€andÐ	<ü
 Ðother€variables,€how€your€body€repairs€from€thatÐ	È
 Ðtoxicity€exposure€also€affects€how€it€will€playÐ	Ô” Ðout.€€But€the€key€point€is€that€if€I€get€too,Ð	 ` Ðwhat€is€the€exposure€level,€but€if€I€get€exposedÐ	l, Ðto€the€exact€same€amount,€it€is€not€going€toÐ	8ø Ðaffect€me€necessarily€the€same€as€it€will€affectÐ	Ä Ðsomebody€else.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àThere€is€really€no€clear€path€is€what€IÐ	œ\ Ðam€saying€and€we€cannot€see€consistency€ofÐ	h(	 Ðpatterns€necessarily€in€each€individual€the€sameÐ	4!ô
 Ðway,€so€it€is€a€difficult€thing€to€measure€asÐ	#À	  Ðwell.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àI€will€also€mention€that€there€is€aÐ	˜&X $ Ðcalcium€regulation€interference€with€leadÐ	d($"& Ðexposure€during€your€circuitry€of€your€brainÐ	0*ð#( Ðdevelopment.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€If€you€can€try€to€wrap€up.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Okay.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Yes.€€There€isÐ	¤d Ðinterference€with€several€important€neuroÐ	p
0 Ðtransmitters,€your€dopamine,€your€glutamate€andÐ	<ü
 Ðyour€acetyl€choline.€€And€these€happen€to€beÐ	È
 Ðsimilar€chemical€imbalances€that€we€are€treatingÐ	Ô” Ðdepression€for€today€in€our€healthcare€system.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àI€will€also€mention€a€host€of€otherÐ	l, Ðvariables.€€We€have€known€now€human€impacts€from,Ð	8ø Ðas€I€mentioned,€growth,€hearing,€IQ,€with€theÐ	Ä Ðdifferent€levels€of€exposure,€vitamin€DÐ	Ð Ðmetabolism,€nerve€conduction€velocity,€vitamin€DÐ	œ\ Ðmetabolism,€I€mentioned€that,€hemoglobinÐ	h(	 Ðsynthesis,€cholic,€anemia,€nephropathy,€which€isÐ	4!ô
 Ðin€your€kidneys,€high€exposures€haveÐ	#À	  Ðencephalopathy.€€We€also€have€blood€pressureÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðregulation€complications,€systolic€blood€pressureÐ	˜&X $ Ðissues.€€I€mentioned€the€hearing.€€Red€cellÐ	d($"& Ðproduction€and€„„Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Can€you€wrap€up?Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Yes.€€All€right.€€IÐ	@ Ðthink€the€key€point€I€want€you€to€understand€isÐ	Ì Ðthat€it€impairs€human€growth€and€development€fromÐ	Ø	˜ Ðin€vitro,€even€a€pregnant€mother€under€stressÐ	¤d Ðincreases€her€lead€exposure€to€the€fetus,Ð	p
0 Ðalthough€her€blood€levels€may€before€pregnancy€beÐ	<ü
 Ðlow,€it€is€stored€in€your€bones€and€it€isÐ	È
 Ðreleased€into€the€fetus,€so€that€babies€gettingÐ	Ô” Ðan€IV€push€in€a€sense€of€a€neurotoxin,€whichÐ	 ` Ðimpairs€their€growth€and€development.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àAnd€lead€is€just€one€of€the€very€„„€oneÐ	8ø Ðof€the€many€toxins€we€are€exposed€to€today,€asÐ	Ä Ðyou€well€know.€€Thank€you.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Thank€you.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Thanks.Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Do€you€have€any€commentsÐ	4!ô
 Ðspecifically€on€our€standard€that€we€proposed€toÐ	#À	  Ðtighten€the€„„€you€know€we€proposed€to€tightenÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðthe€„„Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€No,€I€didn't.€€I€justÐ	d($"& Ðwant€to€talk€about€the€neurotoxicities.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Exposures.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Great.€€If€you€„„€if€thereÐ	Ì Ðare€any€specific€studies€that€you€have€there€thatÐ	Ø	˜ Ðyou€were€looking€at€to€offer€this€information,€weÐ	¤d Ðwould€certainly€be€happy€to€get€any€citations€youÐ	p
0 Ðmight€have,€just€to€make€sure.Ð	<ü
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Okay.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€We€have€a€document€that€isÐ	Ô” Ðprepared€to€support€this€rule€making€called€aÐ	 ` ÐCriteria€Document,€which€has€gone€over€aboutÐ	l, Ð6,000€studies,€but€there€are€always€new€onesÐ	8ø Ðpopping€up,€so€if€there€are€some€that€you€have,Ð	Ä Ðthat€would€be€useful.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Okay.€€And€who€can€IÐ	œ\ Ðsend€that€to?Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€I'm€sorry?Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Who€can€I€send€that€to?Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€You€can€send€it€to€theÐ	Ì$Œ
" ÐEnvironmental€Protection€Agency,€us,€and€I€willÐ	˜&X $ Ðgive€you€a€card.Ð	d($"& ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Okay.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€You€can€send€it€to€me,Ð	ü+¼%* Ðokay?Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMS.€LINDQUIST:€€Thank€you€for€your€time.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMS.€WEGMAN:€€Okay,€thank€you€for€yourÐ	Ø	˜ Ðtime.€€We€very€much€appreciate€it.€€Jan,€I€wasÐ	¤d Ðjust€telling€Ms.€Lindquist€that€if€she€has€anyÐ	p
0 Ðstudies€she€could€let€us€know€about€them€so€I€amÐ	<ü
 Ðgoing€to€„„Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
à[Break.]Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMS.€CORTELYOU„LEE:€€Let's€go€ahead€andÐ	 ` Ðget€back€on€the€record.€€Mr.€White,€if€you€wouldÐ	l, Ðplease€just€state€your€name€and€who€you€are€with.€Ð	8ø ÐWe€have€been€holding€people€to€ten€minutes,€so€weÐ	Ä Ðwill€try€to€stay€within€that€range.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€That's€not€a€problem.Ð	œ\ ÐàÔ
àMS.€CORTELYOU„LEE:€€Okay,€all€right.Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€Thank€you.€€Good€afternoon.€Ð	4!ô
 ÐMy€name€is€Ronald€White€and€for€purposes€ofÐ	#À	  Ðidentification€I€am€an€associate€scientist€in€theÐ	Ì$Œ
" ÐDepartment€of€Epidemiology€at€the€Johns€HopkinsÐ	˜&X $ ÐBloomberg€School€of€Public€Health.€€I€present€myÐ	d($"& Ðtestimony€today€as€a€private€citizen€and€not€as€aÐ	0*ð#( Ðrepresentative€of€Johns€Hopkins€University.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àThe€scientific€and€medical€understandingÐ	@ Ðof€the€impact€on€human€health€from€exposure€toÐ	Ì Ðlead€in€the€ambient€air€has€grown€considerably€inÐ	Ø	˜ Ðthe€last€30€years€since€EPA€first€established€theÐ	¤d ÐNational€Ambient€Air€Quality€Standard€for€Lead.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àThe€November€2007€EPA€Lead€Staff€PaperÐ	<ü
 Ðprovides€a€comprehensive€summary€and€assessmentÐ	È
 Ðof€this€more€recent€information,€which€supportsÐ	Ô” Ðincreasing€concern€regarding€both€the€scope€ofÐ	 ` Ðadverse€health€effects€and€the€substantiallyÐ	l, Ðlower€blood€lead€levels€at€which€these€effectsÐ	8ø Ðoccur.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àThese€health€effects€include€lowered€IQÐ	Ð Ðlevels,€increased€likelihood€of€attention€deficitÐ	œ\ Ðhyperactivity€disorder,€decreased€schoolÐ	h(	 Ðperformance€and€immune€system€effects,€forÐ	4!ô
 Ðexample€increased€IGE€production€in€children€andÐ	#À	  Ðincreased€risk€of€cardiovascular,€mortality,Ð	Ì$Œ
" Ðarterial€sclerosis€and€renal€disease€in€adults.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àThe€blood€lead€levels€associated€withÐ	d($"& Ðthese€adverse€health€outcomes€occur€at€bloodÐ	0*ð#( Ðlevel€levels€that€are€well€below€the€Centers€forÐ	ü+¼%* ÐDisease€Control€and€Prevention€current€10Ð	@ Ðmicrograms€per€decimeter€action€level.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àGiven€the€issues€raised€in€EPA'sÐ	Ø	˜ Ðadvanced€notice€of€proposed€rule€making€for€leadÐ	¤d Ðregarding€the€appropriate€consideration€of€theÐ	p
0 ÐCDC€action€level,€it€is€important€to€note,€asÐ	<ü
 Ðdiscussed€in€the€January€2008€EPA€Clean€AirÐ	È
 ÐScientific€Advisory€Committee€letter€regardingÐ	Ô” Ðthe€lead€NAAQS€advanced€notice€of€proposed€ruleÐ	 ` Ðmaking,€that€the€CDC€action€level€is€set€forÐ	l, Ðpurposes€of€secondary€public€health€preventionÐ	8ø Ðinvolving€screening€for€potential€exposuresÐ	Ä Ðrequiring€remedial€action,€rather€than€serving€asÐ	Ð Ða€risk„based€level€for€primary€public€healthÐ	œ\ Ðprevention.Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àThe€August€2007€CDC€ATSDR€toxicologicalÐ	4!ô
 Ðprofile€for€lead€notes€that€adverse€healthÐ	#À	  Ðeffects€occur€in€children€and€adults€at€bloodÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðlevels€below€10€micrograms€per€deciliter.€€Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àWith€respect€to€neural€behavioralÐ	d($"& Ðdeficits€in€children,€the€CDC€profile€indicatesÐ	0*ð#( Ðno€apparent€threshold€for€these€effects€have€beenÐ	ü+¼%* Ðfound€down€to€the€lowest€levels€observed€in€theÐ	@ Ðstudies€of€these€effects€and€states€that,€quote,Ð	Ì Ðno€safe€blood€level€„„€blood€lead€level€inÐ	Ø	˜ Ðchildren€has€been€determined,€end€quote,€with€theÐ	¤d Ðindication€that€these€relatively€low€levelÐ	p
0 Ðexposures€should€be€addressed€by€primary€ratherÐ	<ü
 Ðthan€secondary€prevention€approaches.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àEvidence€of€neurocognitive€impairment€inÐ	Ô” Ðchildren€that€the€EPA€Staff€Paper€characterizesÐ	 ` Ðas,€quote,€robust€effects,€end€quote,€have€beenÐ	l, Ðfound€at€blood€lead€levels€as€low€as€fiveÐ	8ø Ðmicrograms€per€deciliter€and€adverse€effects€onÐ	Ä Ðintellectual€attainment€in€young€children€haveÐ	Ð Ðbeen€associated€with€blood€lead€levels€as€low€asÐ	œ\ Ðtwo€micrograms€per€deciliter.Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àAs€noted€in€the€lead€staff€paper,€theseÐ	4!ô
 Ðneurological€effects€in€children€that€result€inÐ	#À	  Ðdeclines€in€cognitive€skills€can€haveÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðsubstantially€adverse€effects€in€both€theÐ	˜&X $ Ðindividual€and€for€general€society,€with€lowerÐ	d($"& Ðacademic€achievement€limiting€the€potential€forÐ	0*ð#( Ðpersonal€success€and€increasing€the€risk€ofÐ	ü+¼%* Ðantisocial€and€delinquent€behavior.Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àChildren€in€poverty€are€particularly€atÐ	Ì Ðrisk€for€these€effects€due€to€both€increasedÐ	Ø	˜ Ðpotential€lead€exposure€from€ingestion€of€leadÐ	¤d Ðcontaminated€soil€in€the€roadways€and€flakingÐ	p
0 Ðlead„based€paint€as€well€as€social€factors€suchÐ	<ü
 Ðas€lack€of€access€to€healthcare€and€poorÐ	È
 Ðnutrition.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àThe€2006€EPA€criteria€document€for€leadÐ	 ` Ðdocuments€the€increasing€and€consistent€body€ofÐ	l, Ðepidemiological€evidence€of€cardiovascularÐ	8ø Ðeffects€in€adults€with€blood€and€equivalent€boneÐ	Ä Ðlead€levels€below€10€micrograms€per€deciliter.€Ð	Ð ÐThese€effects€include€increased€blood€pressureÐ	œ\ Ðand€an€increased€incidence€of€hypertension€inÐ	h(	 Ðmiddle€aged€women.€€Of€particular€concern€is€theÐ	4!ô
 Ðevidence,€which€CASAC€termed€compelling,€quote„Ð	#À	  Ðunquote,€that€adults€with€blood€lead€levels€belowÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ð10€micrograms€per€deciliter€are€at€increased€riskÐ	˜&X $ Ðof€cardiovascular€and€mortality€from€stroke€andÐ	d($"& Ðmyocardial€infarction.€€The€results€of€theseÐ	0*ð#( Ðepidemiological€studies€of€cardiovascular€effectsÐ	ü+¼%* Ðassociated€with€a€relatively€low€blood€and€boneÐ	@ Ðlead€levels€are€supported€by€results€from€animalÐ	Ì Ðtoxicological€studies€of€the€effects€of€lead€onÐ	Ø	˜ Ðcardiovascular€functions.Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àIn€addition,€evidence€has€also€emergedÐ	p
0 Ðof€reduced€renal€function€in€adults€at€these€sameÐ	<ü
 Ðrelatively€low€lead€levels.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àBoth€EPA€Staff€and€the€CASAC€haveÐ	Ô” Ðrecommended€that€a€significant€tightening€of€theÐ	 ` Ðcurrent€lead€NAAQS€of€1.5€micrograms€per€cubicÐ	l, Ðmeter.€€EPA€Staff€has€recommended€in€the€leadÐ	8ø Ðstaff€paper,€revised€lead€NAAQS€within€the€rangeÐ	Ä Ðof€.02€to€.2€micrograms€per€cubic€meter,€howeverÐ	Ð Ðnoting,€based€on€the€risk€assessment€analysis,Ð	œ\ Ðthat€a€standard€of€.02€to€.05€micrograms€perÐ	h(	 Ðcubic€meter€would€provide€somewhat€greater€publicÐ	4!ô
 Ðhealth€protection€by€limiting€IQ€loss€in€theÐ	#À	  Ðpopulation€level€of€children€to€less€than€one€toÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðtwo€points,€which€is€range€identified€by€CASAC€asÐ	˜&X $ Ðhighly€significant€from€a€public€healthÐ	d($"& Ðperspective.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àCASAC€has€also€unanimously€endorsed€aÐ	ü+¼%* Ðrevised€standard€of€no€higher€than€.2€microgramsÐ	@ Ðper€cubic€meter€with€a€shift€from€a€quarterly€toÐ	Ì Ðmonthly€averaging€period.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àBased€on€this€robust€body€ofÐ	¤d Ðepidemiological€evidence€of€a€spectrum€of€adverseÐ	p
0 Ðhealth€effects€at€quite€low€levels€of€leadÐ	<ü
 Ðexposure,€which€is€supported€by€animalÐ	È
 Ðtoxicological€studies,€I€strongly€urge€EPA€toÐ	Ô” Ðstrengthen€the€lead€NAAQS€to€a€level€no€higherÐ	 ` Ðthan€.02€micrograms€per€cubic€meter.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àI€support€this€level€of€the€standardÐ	8ø Ðbecause€of€the€need€for€a€substantial€margin€ofÐ	Ä Ðsafety€to€ensure€adequate€public€healthÐ	Ð Ðprotection,€given€both€the€requirements€of€theÐ	œ\ ÐClean€Air€Act€and€the€health€risks€posed€toÐ	h(	 Ðchildren€and€adults€potentially€exposed€to€evenÐ	4!ô
 Ðvery€low€levels€of€lead.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àThe€most€recent€data€indicating€a€higherÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðthan€previously€assumed€contribution€of€ambientÐ	˜&X $ Ðair€lead€exposures€to€blood€lead€levels€providesÐ	d($"& Ðfurther€support€for€adoption€of€a€.02€microgramsÐ	0*ð#( Ðper€cubic€meter€lead€NAAQS.Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àFurther,€I€supported€the€option€of€anÐ	@ Ðaveraging€time€for€the€lead€NAAQS€of€no€longerÐ	Ì Ðthan€one€month€over€a€one„year€period.€€A€monthlyÐ	Ø	˜ Ðrather€than€the€current€quarterly€averaging€timeÐ	¤d Ðis€needed€to€more€adequately€protect€the€healthÐ	p
0 Ðof€children€for€whom€blood€lead€levels€have€beenÐ	<ü
 Ðshown€to€respond€to€monthly€variations€in€leadÐ	È
 Ðemissions.€€A€one€month€averaging€time€would€alsoÐ	Ô” Ðbetter€guard€against€short„term€exposures€duringÐ	 ` Ðpregnancy€and€early€life€that€evidence€suggestsÐ	l, Ðmay€be€critical€to€future€development.Ð	8ø ÐàÔ
àIn€addition,€establishing€a€monthlyÐ	Ä Ðaveraging€time€would€better€protect€against€shortÐ	Ð Ðsporadic€emission€bursts€and€would€ensure€thatÐ	œ\ Ðthe€lead€NAAQS€attainment€status€reflectsÐ	h(	 Ðpotentially€significant€localized€soil€and€dustÐ	4!ô
 Ðlead€loading€from€very€short€term€emissions.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àFinally,€I€urge€EPA€to€expeditiouslyÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðexpand€the€current€Lead€Ambient€Air€QualityÐ	˜&X $ ÐMonitoring€network,€which€has€declined€in€numberÐ	d($"& Ðby€almost€80€percent€over€the€past€25€years,€toÐ	0*ð#( Ðfewer€than€200€monitors€nationally.€€The€resultÐ	ü+¼%* Ðof€this€dramatic€reduction€in€the€National€LeadÐ	@ ÐMonitoring€network,€as€noted€in€the€lead€NAAQSÐ	Ì Ðadvanced€notice€of€proposed€rule€making€is€that,Ð	Ø	˜ Ðquote,€many€of€the€largest€lead€emitting€sourcesÐ	¤d Ðin€the€country€do€not€have€nearby€monitors€andÐ	p
0 Ðthere€is€substantial€uncertainty€about€ambientÐ	<ü
 Ðair€levels€resulting€from€historic€deposits€nearÐ	È
 Ðroadways,€end€quote.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àThe€EPA€itself€has€noted€that€thisÐ	 ` Ðsituation€has€likely€resulted€in€anÐ	l, Ðunderestimation€of€the€extent€of€occurrences€ofÐ	8ø Ðrelatively€higher€ambient€air€lead€standards,Ð	Ä Ðconcentrations€rather.€€The€uncertaintiesÐ	Ð Ðassociated€with€the€lack€of€adequate€monitoringÐ	œ\ Ðand€the€resulting€potential€for€considerablyÐ	h(	 Ðhigher€lead€exposure€and€impacts€than€estimatedÐ	4!ô
 Ðin€the€Agency's€risk€analyses€is€yet€anotherÐ	#À	  Ðreason€for€adoption€of€a€lead€NAAQS€thatÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðincorporates€a€substantial€margin€of€safety.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àThe€implementation€of€a€revised€leadÐ	d($"& ÐNAAQS€provides€EPA€with€the€opportunity€toÐ	0*ð#( Ðaddress€the€current€poor€coverage€of€ambient€airÐ	ü+¼%* Ðmonitoring€for€lead.€€In€this€regard€I€supportÐ	@ Ðadoption€of€the€third€option€discussed€in€theÐ	Ì Ðadvanced€notice€of€proposed€rule€making,€whichÐ	Ø	˜ Ðwould€establish€a€minimum€number€of€requiredÐ	¤d Ðmonitors€in€urban€areas€based€on€population€andÐ	p
0 Ðambient€lead€concentrations€as€well€as€requireÐ	<ü
 Ðmonitors€near€large€lead€emission€sources,€unlessÐ	È
 Ðthere€is€strong€evidence€that€a€valid€lead€PM10Ð	Ô” Ðcorrelation€can€consistently€be€made€nationallyÐ	 ` Ðutilizing€the€current€PM10€monitoring€network.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àI'd€be€happy€to€answer€any€questionsÐ	8ø Ðthat€you€have.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€I€actually€was€curious,€yourÐ	Ð Ðtestimony€indicates€that€you€support€adoption€onÐ	œ\ Ðaveraging€time€of€no€longer€than€one€month€over€aÐ	h(	 Ðone„year€period?Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€Correct.Ð	#À	  ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€And€„„Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€Within€a€one€calendar€year.Ð	˜&X $ ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Right,€and€the€proposalÐ	d($"& Ðwould€be€to€look€at€three€calendar€years,€whichÐ	0*ð#( Ðwould,€if€you€were,€I€guess€that€would€generallyÐ	ü+¼%* Ðbe€considered€more€protective€because€it€would€beÐ	@ Ðmore€likely€to€encompass€a€violating€monitor.€€SoÐ	Ì ÐI€guess€I€was€just€curious€if€you€had€a€reasonÐ	Ø	˜ Ðwhy€12€months€made€sense€over€„„Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€Within€„„€so€it€is€one€monthÐ	p
0 Ðwithin€a€calendar€year€as€opposed€to€any€oneÐ	<ü
 Ðmonth€over€a€longer€period€of€time€is€what€I€wasÐ	È
 Ðtrying€to€say.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Right,€right.€€Is€it€„„€forÐ	 ` Ða€max€quarterly€standard€it€would€be€the€highestÐ	l, Ðquarter€in€„„€any€quarter€within€a€12€monthÐ	8ø Ðperiod€or€any€quarter€in€a€36€month€period,Ð	Ä Ðviolating€would€mean€you€are€non„attainment€andÐ	Ð Ðfor€a€second€max€monthly€standard,€it€would€meanÐ	œ\ Ðthe€second€highest€month€in€a€year€or€the€secondÐ	h(	 Ðhighest€month€in€three€calendar€years.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€Right.€€So€what€I€amÐ	#À	  Ðsuggesting€is€that€rather€than€the€quarterly€timeÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðframe€for€the€averaging€period,€we€are€looking€atÐ	˜&X $ Ða€monthly€averaging€period,€and€that€monthlyÐ	d($"& Ðaveraging€period€would€be€within€one€calendarÐ	0*ð#( Ðyear€as€opposed€to€potentially€some€other€periodÐ	ü+¼%* Ðof€time€that€the€Agency€might€designate€thatÐ	@ Ðmonthly€period.Ð	Ì ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Okay.€€But,€so€that€would€beÐ	Ø	˜ Ðgenerally€less€protective€is€all€I€am€„„Ð	¤d ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€No,€I€think€it€actuallyÐ	p
0 Ðwould€„„€well€it€is€certainly€more€protectiveÐ	<ü
 Ðthan€the€quarterly€standard.Ð	È
 ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Well€then€the€quarter€„„€butÐ	Ô” Ða€one€year€time€frame€is€going€to€be€lessÐ	 ` Ðprotective€than€a€three€year€time€frame,€whetherÐ	l, Ðyou€are€doing€a€quarterly€or€a€monthly€average,Ð	8ø Ðwhich€is€all€I€was€saying.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€If€you€were€going€to€sayÐ	Ð Ðthat€they€couldn't€violate€a€one€month€periodÐ	œ\ Ðover€any€three€year€period,€that€is€true.Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Yes.Ð	4!ô
 ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€And€all€I€was€saying€is€thatÐ	#À	  Ð„„€I€didn't€really€address€how€many€years.€€I€wasÐ	Ì$Œ
" Ðjust€pointing€out€that€it€should€be€within€oneÐ	˜&X $ Ðcalendar€year€as€opposed€to€some€year€that€mightÐ	d($"& Ðbe€designated€otherwise€so€that€the€year€might,Ð	0*ð#( Ðfor€example,€might€go€from€when€a€facility€firstÐ	ü+¼%* Ðstarts€monitoring€„„Ð	@ ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Oh,€I€see.€€A€calendar€yearÐ	Ì Ðversus€a€rolling€year.Ð	Ø	˜ ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€That€is€really€what€I€wasÐ	¤d Ðtrying€to€get€at,€a€calendar€versus€a€rolling.Ð	p
0 ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€That€is€helpful.Ð	<ü
 ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€So€I€apologize€if€I€was€notÐ	È
 Ðmaking€that€clear,€which€I€clearly€wasn't.Ð	Ô” ÐàÔ
àMR.€ORLIN:€€Thank€you.Ð	 ` ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€Yes.Ð	l, ÐàÔ
àMS.€CORTELYOU„LEE:€€Thank€you€forÐ	8ø Ðcoming.Ð	Ä ÐàÔ
àMR.€WHITE:€€Sure.€€Thank€you.Ð	Ð ÐàÔ
àMS.€CORTELYOU„LEE:€€Are€either€of€youÐ	œ\ Ðinterested€in€speaking?€€No.€€Ð	h(	 ÐàÔ
àWe€have€a€speaker€at€7:40€I€think,€rightÐ	4!ô
 Ðafter€the€dinner€break.€€And€we€are€going€to€takeÐ	#À	  Ða€dinner€break€from€6:00€to€7:30.€€Okay.Ð	Ì$Œ
" ÐàÔ
àThat€is€the€last€speaker€but€we€will€beÐ	˜&X $ Ðhere€until€9:00€tonight,€okay.€€All€right,€let'sÐ	d($"& Ðadjourn€for€dinner.Ð	0*ð#( ÐàÔ
àÔ_Ô[Break.]Ð	ü+¼%* ÐàÔ
àMS.€Ô_ÔCORTELYOUÔ_Ô„LEE:€€It€is€9:00.€Since€weÐ	@ Ðhave€no€further€speakers,€we€will€adjourn€theÐ	Ì ÐLead€Ô_ÔNAAQSÔ_Ô€public€hearing.€€Thank€you€all€forÐ	Ø	˜ Ðcoming.€Ð	¤d Ðà@%%'€à„€„€„ˆÐ	p
0 ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ