

[Federal Register: June 12, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 112)]
[Rules and Regulations]               
[Page 32212-32222]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr12jn07-11]                         

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 82

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0159; FRL-8325-5]
RIN 2060-AN81

 
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Allocation of Essential Use 
Allowances for Calendar Year 2007

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: With this action, EPA is allocating essential use allowances 
for import and production of Class I stratospheric ozone-depleting 
substances (ODSs) for calendar year 2007. Essential use allowances 
enable a person to obtain controlled Class I ODSs as part of an 
exemption to the regulatory ban on the production and import of these 
chemicals, which became effective as of January 1, 1996. EPA allocates 
essential use allowances for exempted production or import of a 
specific quantity of Class I ODSs solely for the designated essential 
purpose. The allocations in this action total 167.0 metric tons (MT) of 
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for use in metered dose inhalers (MDIs) for 
2007.

DATES: Effective Date: This final rule is effective June 12, 2007.

ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID 
No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0159. All documents in the docket are listed on the 
http://www.regulations.gov Web site. Although listed in the index, some 

information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other information 
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such 
as copyrighted material, is not placed on the Internet and will be 
publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket 
materials are available either electronically through 
http://www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the Air Docket, EPA/DC, EPA 

West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC. This 
Docket Facility is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through 
Friday, excluding legal holidays. The Public Reading Room is open from 
8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal 
holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 
566-1744, and the telephone number for the Air Docket is (202) 566-
1742.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kirsten Cappel, by regular mail: U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Stratospheric Protection Division 
(6205J), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; by courier 
service or overnight express: 1310 L Street, NW., Room 1047C, 
Washington, DC 20005; by telephone: (202) 343-9556; by fax: (202) 343-
2338; or by, e-mail: cappel.kirsten@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Basis for Allocating Essential Use Allowances
    A. What are essential use allowances?
    B. Under what authority does EPA allocate essential use 
allowances?
    C. What is the process for allocating essential use allowances?
    D. What quantity of essential use allowances is EPA allocating?
II. Response to Comments
    A. Proposed Level of Allocations
    B. Consideration of Stocks of CFCs in the Allocation of 
Essential Use Allowances
    C. Number of Months of Safety Stockpile
    D. Rulemaking Process and Timing
    E. The transition to Non-CFC MDIs
III. Allocation of Essential Use Allowances for Calendar Year 2007
IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
    A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review
    B. Paperwork Reduction Act
    C. Regulatory Flexibility
    D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
    E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From 
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
    H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect 
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
    J. Congressional Review Act
V. Judicial Review
VI. Effective Date of This Final Rule

I. Basis for Allocating Essential Use Allowances

A. What are essential use allowances?

    Essential use allowances are allowances to produce or import 
certain ODSs in the U.S. for purposes that have been deemed 
``essential'' by the U.S. Government and by the Parties to the Montreal 
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal 
Protocol).
    The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement aimed at 
reducing and eliminating the production and consumption\1\ of ODSs. The 
elimination of production and consumption of Class I ODSs is 
accomplished through adherence to phase-out schedules for specific 
Class I ODSs,\2\ which include CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and 
methyl chloroform. As of January 1, 1996, production and import of most 
Class I ODSs were phased out in developed countries, including the 
United States.
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    \1\ ``Consumption'' is defined as the amount of a substance 
produced in the United States, plus the amount imported into the 
United States, minus the amount exported to Parties to the Montreal 
Protocol (see Section 601(6) of the Clean Air Act).
    \2\ Class I ozone depleting substances are listed at 40 CFR Part 
82 subpart A, appendix A.
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    However, the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act (the Act) 
provide exemptions that allow for the continued import and/or 
production of Class I ODSs for specific uses. Under the Montreal 
Protocol, exemptions may be granted for uses that are determined by the 
Parties to be ``essential.'' Decision IV/25, taken by the Parties to 
the Protocol in 1992, established criteria for determining whether a 
specific use should be approved as essential, and set forth the 
international process for making determinations of essentiality. The 
criteria for an essential use, as set forth in paragraph 1 of Decision 
IV/25, are the following:
    ``(a) That a use of a controlled substance should qualify as 
`essential' only if:
    (i) It is necessary for the health, safety or is critical for the 
functioning of society (encompassing cultural and intellectual 
aspects); and
    (ii) There are no available technically and economically feasible 
alternatives or substitutes that are acceptable from the standpoint of 
environment and health;
    (b) That production and consumption, if any, of a controlled 
substance for essential uses should be permitted only if:
    (i) All economically feasible steps have been taken to minimize the 
essential use and any associated emission of the controlled substance; 
and
    (ii) The controlled substance is not available in sufficient 
quantity and quality from existing stocks of banked or recycled 
controlled substances, also bearing in mind the developing countries' 
need for controlled substances.''

[[Page 32213]]

B. Under what authority does EPA allocate essential use allowances?

    Title VI of the Act implements the Montreal Protocol for the United 
States. Section 604(d) of the Act authorizes EPA to allow the 
production of limited quantities of Class I ODSs after the phaseout 
date for the following essential uses:
    (1) Methyl chloroform, ``solely for use in essential applications 
(such as nondestructive testing for metal fatigue and corrosion of 
existing airplane engines and airplane parts susceptible to metal 
fatigue) for which no safe and effective substitute is available.'' 
Under the Act, this exemption was available only until January 1, 2005. 
Prior to that date, EPA issued methyl chloroform allowances to the U.S. 
Space Shuttle and Titan Rocket programs.
    (2) Medical devices (as defined in section 601(8) of the Act), ``if 
such authorization is determined by the Commissioner [of the Food and 
Drug Administration], in consultation with the Administrator [of EPA] 
to be necessary for use in medical devices.'' EPA issues allowances to 
manufacturers of MDIs, which use CFCs as propellant for the treatment 
of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
    (3) Aviation safety, for which limited quantities of halon-1211, 
halon-1301, and halon-2402 may be produced ``if the Administrator of 
the Federal Aviation Administration, in consultation with the 
Administrator [of EPA] determines that no safe and effective substitute 
has been developed and that such authorization is necessary for 
aviation safety purposes.'' Neither EPA nor the Parties have ever 
granted a request for essential use allowances for halon, because in 
most cases alternatives are available and because existing quantities 
of this substance are large enough to provide for any needs for which 
alternatives have not yet been developed.
    The Parties to the Montreal Protocol, under Decision XV/8, have 
additionally allowed a general exemption for laboratory and analytical 
uses through December 31, 2007. This exemption is reflected in EPA's 
regulations at 40 CFR part 82, subpart A. While the Act does not 
specifically provide for this exemption, EPA has determined that an 
allowance for essential laboratory and analytical uses is allowable 
under the Act as a de minimis exemption. The de minimis exemption is 
addressed in EPA's final rule of March 13, 2001 (66 FR 14760-14770). 
The Parties to the Protocol subsequently agreed (Decision XI/15) that 
the general exemption does not apply to the following laboratory and 
analytical uses: Testing of oil and grease, and total petroleum 
hydrocarbons in water; testing of tar in road-paving materials; and 
forensic finger-printing. EPA incorporated this exclusion at Appendix G 
to subpart A of 40 CFR part 82 on February 11, 2002 (67 FR 6352).

C. What is the process for allocating essential use allowances?

    Before EPA allocates essential use allowances, the Parties to the 
Montreal Protocol must first authorize the United States' request to 
produce or import essential Class I ODSs. The procedure set out by 
Decision IV/25 calls for individual Parties to nominate essential uses 
and the total amount of ODSs needed for those essential uses on an 
annual basis. The Montreal Protocol's Technology and Economic 
Assessment Panel (TEAP) evaluates the nominated essential uses and 
makes recommendations to the Parties. The Parties make the final 
decisions on whether to authorize a Party's essential use nomination at 
their annual meeting. This nomination cycle occurs approximately two 
years before the year in which the allowances would be in effect. The 
allowances allocated through today's action were first nominated by the 
United States in January 2005.
    Once the Parties authorize the U.S. nomination, EPA allocates 
essential use exemptions to specific entities through notice-and-
comment rulemaking in a manner consistent with the Act. For MDIs, EPA 
requests information from manufacturers about the number and type of 
MDIs they plan to produce, as well as the amount of CFCs necessary for 
production. EPA then forwards the information to the Food and Drug 
Administration (FDA), which determines the amount of CFCs necessary for 
MDIs in the coming calendar year. Based on FDA's determination, EPA 
proposes allocations for each eligible entity. Under the Act and the 
Montreal Protocol, EPA may allocate essential use allowances in 
quantities that together are below or equal to the total amount 
authorized by the Parties. EPA will not allocate essential use 
allowances in amounts higher than the total authorized by the Parties. 
For 2007, the Parties authorized the United States to allocate up to 
1,000 MT of CFCs for essential uses. In a notice of proposed rulemaking 
published in the Federal Register on November 3, 2006 (71 FR 64668), 
EPA proposed to allocate 125.3 MT.

D. What quantity of essential use allowances is EPA allocating?

    EPA proposed to allocate 125.3 MT of essential use allowances for 
2007 in its November 2006 proposed rule. With today's final action, EPA 
is allocating 167.0 MT of essential use allowances for 2007 for the 
production and import of CFCs for the manufacture of essential use 
MDIs. EPA is allocating this amount based on a revised determination 
letter by FDA dated May 4, 2007. EPA has placed this revised 
determination letter in the docket for review. This quantity of 167.0 
MT includes two increases from the amounts proposed in November 2006. 
First, EPA is allocating 22.4 MT to Armstrong Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (an 
increase from a proposed allocation of 0.0 MT) for the manufacture of 
epinephrine; second, EPA is allocating an additional 19.3 MT to 3M 
Pharmaceuticals (65.0 MT total for 2007) for the manufacture of 
essential use MDI products (Aerobid, Aerobid M, and Maxair Autohaler). 
The total allocation for 2007 of 167.0 MT is far below the 1,000 MT 
that the Parties to the Montreal Protocol authorized for the United 
States for 2007. It is also a significant reduction from the 1,002.4 MT 
allocated for 2006. These reductions demonstrate the U.S. commitment to 
decreasing the amount of CFCs allocated for essential uses. 
Furthermore, the 167.0 MT does not include an allocation for the 
manufacture of CFC-albuterol MDIs, indicating that the transition to 
non-CFC alternatives for this application is well underway.
    In its revised determination letter FDA informed EPA that Armstrong 
needed 22.4 MT of CFCs to manufacture generic epinephrine in 2007. EPA 
and FDA are allocating this amount to Armstrong to acquire CFC-114 for 
the manufacture of epinephrine, not CFCs to manufacture CFC-albuterol. 
In the revised determination letter, FDA articulated that Armstrong's 
allocation is specific to CFC-114 for the production of epinephrine 
MDIs. FDA stated, ``In recent years, we aggregated the amounts for CFC-
11, -12, -114 and provided recommendations on the total amounts of CFC 
necessary to protect the public health. This year, we provide 
recommendations for aggregated amount of CFCs, with one exception. We 
recommend that Armstrong Pharmaceuticals receive an allocation of 22.4 
tonnes of CFC-114 for the manufacture of epinephrine CFC MDIs. We 
believe that this specific allocation is necessary to protect the 
public health, given the current essentiality determination as 
contained in 21 CFR 2.125(e).'' Consistent with FDA's

[[Page 32214]]

determination letter, EPA is allocating 22.4 MT of CFC-114 to Armstrong 
for the production of epinephrine MDIs for 2007.
    FDA also informed EPA in its revised determination letter that it 
determined that 3M needed an additional 19.3 MT of essential use 
allowances to manufacture essential use MDI products. These products 
include Aerobid, Aerobid M, and Maxair Autohaler.
    FDA noted to EPA that in making its revised determination, FDA 
reviewed supplementary information from MDI manufacturers, including 
more recent data on the quantities and types of CFCs held as well as 
more specific information on manufacturers' production plans for 2007. 
Based on this information, FDA recalculated the quantities and types of 
CFCs that would be medically necessary and recommended small increases 
in the allocations for two MDI manufacturers for calendar year 2007. In 
addition, FDA informed EPA that it applied the terms of Decision XVII/
5, including the provision that each manufacturer maintain no more than 
a one-year operational supply of CFCs for essential uses.

II. Response to Comments

    EPA received comments from twelve entities on the proposed rule, as 
discussed below.

A. Proposed Level of Allocations

    One commenter opposed as too low EPA's proposed allocation of 125.3 
MT of CFCs for MDIs, given that the Parties to the Montreal Protocol 
authorized 1,000 MT. The commenter stated that 125.3 MT would not 
suffice to ensure the continuous availability of CFCs necessary to meet 
expected demand. The commenter noted that the facility being used to 
produce CFC-11 and CFC-12 is the only facility doing so and it is sized 
for far larger volumes of production. According to the commenter, 
continuing to decrease the size of production runs makes manufacturing 
more inefficient, complex, and costly. The commenter urged EPA to set 
policies that enable the manufacture of CFCs and allow producers and 
users the ability to shift unused allocations from one year to the next 
so that supply can be more easily assured. In addition, the commenter 
urged EPA to re-allocate essential use allowances in 2007 for essential 
use CFCs that were not produced and subsequently conferred in 2006. The 
commenter also noted that production of CFC-114 during 2006 was not 
adequate to meet MDI producer demand for which 2006 essential use 
allowances existed.
    A second commenter provided similar comments and noted concern that 
qualified CFC producers may not be able or willing to produce a 
reliable supply in future years, citing the CFC-114 production 
shortfalls experienced by Honeywell as an example. The commenter 
expressed support for efforts by the U.S. Government to work with other 
Parties to the Montreal Protocol to establish a process for assessing 
the need for and feasibility of a final production campaign; the 
commenter stated that such efforts would support the ultimate phaseout 
of CFC production for MDIs while protecting public health by ensuring a 
smooth transition for MDIs.
    A third commenter also opposed as too low the quantity of essential 
use allowances proposed for allocation. The commenter submitted two 
sets of comments, one of which was supplementary and received after the 
end of the comment period, but which EPA considered. Both sets of 
comments were submitted as confidential business information (CBI); EPA 
has placed redacted versions of them in the docket. The commenter 
indicated that it received a proposed allocation of zero metric tons 
and urged EPA to allocate additional allowances so that it could meet 
anticipated market demand for CFC-albuterol and CFC epinephrine in 2007 
and 2008. The commenter noted that with the withdrawal of Schering-
Plough from the CFC market, Armstrong would be only manufacturer of 
CFC-albuterol. In addition, the commenter asserted, the elimination of 
Schering-Plough's Warrick branded CFC-albuterol product will create a 
dramatic shortfall in the supply of CFC inhalers and is likely to lead 
to serious market disruption unless Armstrong increases production to 
meet demand. The commenter urged EPA to provide for its propellant 
needs for both 2007 and 2008 in the 2007 rule. To support its argument, 
the commenter provided data from IMS, a pharmaceutical market research 
firm, indicating market trends of CFC-albuterol that suggest in 2006, 
CFC-albuterol comprised a significant amount of the total albuterol 
market.
    A fourth commenter that submitted CBI comments requested additional 
CFCs to manufacture its essential use MDIs. A redacted version of these 
comments has been placed in the docket. The commenter requested an 
additional 19.3 MT of CFCs to manufacture Aerobid, Aerobid M, and 
Maxair Autohaler. The commenter stated that without the additional 
allowances it would likely be unable to manufacture all of the MDIs 
forecasted by two of its customers.
    Another commenter noted that it understood the zero allocation 
proposed for its company for 2007 and stated that it has been working 
to acquire existing CFCs to satisfy essential needs.
    EPA also received comments that either supported the proposed 
allocations--in whole or in part--or believed they should be lower. One 
commenter stated that there should be no exemptions for any ODS. The 
commenter stated that allowing exemptions discourages the development 
of alternatives.
    Seven commenters supported some or all of the proposed allocations 
for 2007. Four expressed approval of EPA's allocation of zero essential 
use allowances for manufacture of albuterol MDIs, as determined by FDA. 
One commenter additionally stated that by allocating only what was 
necessary and not the entire amount allowed by the Parties, FDA and EPA 
are supporting the over-arching goals of the Montreal Protocol. The 
commenter also noted that the proposed allocations are consistent with 
FDA's final determination on albuterol non-essentiality and that EPA's 
phaseout timeline fully agrees with FDA's conclusions that an effective 
and orderly transition to HFA MDIs would be complete by December 31, 
2008.
    One commenter supported EPA's choice to allocate only a portion of 
the essential use allowances granted to the United States by the 
Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The commenter stated that it supports 
EPA's decision to eliminate essential use allowances for those 
companies currently marketing both CFC and non-CFC albuterol MDIs. The 
commenter stated that the existing CFC stockpiles in the United States 
will be adequate to assure a smooth and timely transition to non-CFC 
albuterol inhalers.
    EPA received two sets of CBI comments from one commenter, both of 
which were received after the close of the comment period, but which 
EPA considered, which supported EPA's proposed zero allocation for the 
manufacture of CFC-albuterol MDIs. EPA has placed redacted versions of 
the comments in the docket. The commenter supported the proposed 
allocations, specifically the proposed zero allocations for albuterol 
MDIs containing CFCs. The commenter argued that the proposed zero 
allocation will facilitate the orderly transition to HFA albuterol 
inhalers, minimize the confusion and related compliance and safety 
issues raised by patients alternating between CFC and HFA

[[Page 32215]]

inhalers, and ensure that additional CFCs are not needlessly released 
into the environment.
    The commenter noted that it had already begun to transition its 
supply of CFC-based albuterol inhalers to HFA inhalers. Additionally, 
the commenter asserted that an early transition to HFA inhalers would 
allow manufacturers, physicians, and pharmacists to act in a 
coordinated manner to educate patients and transition them in an 
orderly fashion. It noted that there are important differences between 
CFC and HFA inhalers that require patient counseling and that without 
an early and orderly transition facilitated by patient education and 
training, many patients will switch back and forth between the two 
inhalers or wait until the last minute.
    The commenter further noted that to support the transition to HFA-
based albuterol, it has dedicated significant resources to support 
patients, physicians, pharmacists, and other stakeholders. The 
commenter stated that it had significantly increased the production of 
HFA albuterol inhalers and that it has the ability to increase 
production further if there is need. Additionally, the commenter stated 
that it has implemented a comprehensive plan to communicate information 
regarding the transition to key stakeholders. The commenter also noted 
that it has a patient assistance program for low-income patients and 
patients without health insurance.
    EPA allocates essential use allowances annually in accordance with 
the Act and the Montreal Protocol. For the 2007 control period, EPA, in 
consultation with FDA, evaluated the medical demand for essential use 
MDIs and determined the amount of CFCs needed to meet that demand. The 
U.S. Government first nominated an amount for essential use allowances 
for 2007 in January 2005 (1,493 MT). The Parties authorized 1,000 MT 
for the U.S. at the 17th Meeting of the Parties in 2006. Since the U.S. 
Government submitted its nomination for 2007, EPA and FDA have received 
more current information on the amount of CFCs needed to manufacture 
essential use MDIs, amounts of stockpiled CFCs available to 
manufacturers, and the availability of non-CFC alternatives. Neither 
the 1,493 MT nominated nor the 1,000 MT authorized accurately reflects 
the amount of CFCs necessary to meet medical needs in 2007.
    In making its determination for 2007 essential use allowances, FDA 
informed EPA that it undertook a similar analysis as completed in years 
past. FDA articulated to EPA that for each MDI manufacturer that 
requested essential use allowances, FDA evaluated a number of factors. 
FDA informed EPA that it took the following steps in making the 2007 
determination for essential use allowances. First, FDA evaluated the 
medical necessity by evaluating the number of CFC MDIs necessary to 
protect public health in the U.S. (including consideration of current 
data on the prevalence of asthma and COPD) and the quantity of CFCs 
necessary to ensure the manufacture and continuous availability of 
those MDIs. Second, FDA analyzed the existing inventory of CFCs held by 
each MDI manufacturer as of May 1, 2006 and updated as of December 31, 
2006. Third, FDA accounted for the implementation of the terms of 
Decision XVII/5, including the provision that manufacturers maintain no 
more than a one-year operational supply, and considered how 
manufacturers' existing CFC supplies would be drawn down as essential 
use MDIs were manufactured throughout the year. As was also articulated 
in the determination letter, revised May 4, 2007, FDA assumed that all 
manufacturers would procure the full quantity of CFCs allocated to them 
for the year.
    In response to the comments recommending allocation of essential 
use CFCs for multiple years, although EPA recognizes the difficulties 
associated with producing small amounts of CFCs per year, the Parties 
authorized an essential use exemption for CFC production and import for 
the 2007 control period only. Therefore, in accordance with the 
Decisions of the Parties, the United States allocated allowances to MDI 
manufacturers for 2007 control period. EPA understands that the U.S. 
manufacturer can increase the efficiency of its production run by 
combining the amount allocated by EPA for essential use production of 
pharmaceutical-grade CFCs for domestic use with the amount permitted 
under the Montreal Protocol, and authorized by EPA, for production of 
pharmaceutical-grade CFCs for export to Article 5 and non-Article 5 
Parties, recognizing that the manufacturer may incur the cost of 
destroying the non-pharmaceutical grade portion of the run. EPA 
understands that the design of the Montreal Protocol and Title VI of 
the Act anticipated that ODS costs would increase during the transition 
to alternatives. However, the United States Government expects that 
this issue of a need for campaign production to meet the essential use 
health needs for CFCs for MDIs globally will be raised by the Parties 
to the Montreal Protocol at future meetings.
    With respect to the comments recommending higher allocations for 
2007 to manufacture generic albuterol and generic epinephrine, FDA has 
informed EPA that additional essential use allowances will be needed 
for the manufacture of generic epinephrine in 2007. FDA made this 
determination based on information about the manufacturer's existing 
inventory, blend requirements, and production need, as well as 
implementation of the terms of Decision XVII/5, including the provision 
that manufacturers maintain no more than a one-year operational supply 
for CFCs for essential uses.
    FDA informed EPA that it did not agree with the comment that 
additional amounts of CFCs need to be allocated for the manufacture of 
CFC-albuterol in 2007 to meet the overall demand for albuterol. In the 
September 2006 letter to EPA (revised in May 2007), FDA stated that its 
determination of the amount of CFCs necessary for production of 
essential use MDIs is lower than the total amount requested by 
manufacturers, and in reaching its estimate, FDA took into account the 
manufacturers' production of MDIs that used CFCs as a propellant in 
2006, their estimated production in 2007, and stockpile levels (as of 
December 31, 2006). FDA also stated that it considered comments 
received on the proposed rule for the allocation of CFCs in 2007. 
Finally, as articulated in its letter, FDA took into account that, at 
the time of the letter, roughly 40 percent of the albuterol MDIs 
currently produced were propelled by HFAs (HFA-134a) rather than CFCs.
    Given the publicly stated plans of Schering-Plough, a major 
albuterol CFC supplier, FDA has informed EPA that it believes the 
manufacture of CFC-albuterol will decrease in 2007 (and further 
decrease in 2008 as the phase-out date approaches). The manufacture and 
sale of albuterol HFA MDIs will increase sufficiently to meet the 
medical needs of patients for albuterol. FDA will continue to monitor 
closely the availability of albuterol to ensure that there is adequate 
supply to meet patient needs. FDA has informed EPA that HFA inhalers 
now make up approximately half the overall albuterol-levalbuterol 
inhaler market. Furthermore, according to FDA, HFA manufacturers report 
they currently have the ability to produce enough HFA albuterol MDIs to 
meet total market demand for albuterol MDIs.
    With respect to the commenter that requested additional CFCs to 
manufacture its essential use MDIs (Aerobid, Aerobid M, and Maxair

[[Page 32216]]

Autohaler), FDA informed EPA that an increase of CFCs to 65.0 MT was 
necessary for 2007. FDA informed EPA that its revised determination was 
based on additional analysis of medical need and on supplementary 
information received from the MDI manufacturers, including more recent 
data on quantities of CFCs held. In addition, FDA informed EPA that it 
applied the terms of Decision XVII/5, including the provision that each 
manufacturer maintain no more than a one-year operational supply of 
CFCs for essential uses.
    In response to the comment that there should be no exemptions for 
any ODS and that allowing exemptions discourages the development of 
alternatives, in this instance, EPA and FDA do not believe that the 
allocation of essential uses for the manufacture of CFC MDIs precludes 
the development of alternatives, in part because EPA and FDA consider a 
company's progress in research and development of alternatives in 
evaluating a company's request for an essential use exemption.
    Finally, two commenters raised specific medical-related issues. One 
commenter, an asthmatic, expressed concern that the discontinuation of 
inhalers containing albuterol will leave no alternatives for asthmatics 
who are allergic to sulfites and sulfates. The commenter notes that he 
or she is allergic to sulfites and that the generic albuterol inhaler 
is going to be discontinued.
    In response, FDA informed EPA that HFA albuterol MDIs do not 
contain sulfites. Indeed, unlike CFC albuterol products, each albuterol 
HFA has a unique formulation, which should allow patients to find a 
product they tolerate and find effective, even if they feel one 
particular product is not sufficiently tolerable.
    A second commenter argued that the elimination of fluorocarbons is 
not necessary in aerosol albuterol items. The commenter stated that the 
non-aerosol form of albuterol poses several problems, such as 
difficulty in ascertaining when a canister is empty. In addition, the 
commenter noted that there is no sensation that a dosage of the non-
aerosol medication is being received and that this may have profoundly 
negative medical repercussions. The commenter also asserted that 
because the disbursement of albuterol aerosol liquid goes into a mouth 
that is surrounding the canister and seals off the disbursement, no 
aerosol escapes into the surrounding atmosphere. Lastly, the commenter 
stated that the elimination of aerosol-dispensed respiratory 
medications will have a negative effect on patients.
    In its March 31, 2005 final rule (70 FR 17168), FDA determined that 
albuterol will no longer be designated as an ``essential use'' after 
December 31, 2008. FDA discussed issues associated with the 
essentiality of albuterol in that rule. Today's final action allocating 
CFCs for the manufacture of MDIs does not address the essentiality of 
albuterol. EPA notes that the non-ODS albuterol MDIs (i.e. HFA-
albuterol) that are currently available to patients also contain an 
aerosol, HFA-134a.

B. Consideration of Stocks of CFCs in the Allocation of Essential Use 
Allowances

    One commenter stated that EPA should not allocate any new essential 
use allowances for 2007, claiming that existing stockpiles of CFCs must 
be used before new essential use allowances may be granted. The 
commenter stated that EPA's proposed essential use allowances for 2007 
were in contravention of Decision IV/25 of the Montreal Protocol, which 
provides that production and consumption of CFCs for essential uses is 
permitted only if the CFCs are ``not available in sufficient quantity 
and quality from existing stocks.'' The commenter stated that where 
stockpiles are in excess of essential need, EPA should first seek 
voluntary transfers, and second redistribute CFC stockpiles to where 
they are most needed.
    The commenter provided three supporting claims. First, the 
commenter provided data indicating that there are sufficient aggregate 
stockpiles available in the U.S. to cover the essential needs for 2007. 
The commenter recognized that these stockpiles are not evenly held by 
U.S. companies and urged EPA to take steps to redistribute them. 
Second, the commenter asserted that the Montreal Protocol and the Act 
support the ``reallocation'' of existing CFC stockpiles before new 
essential use allowances are allocated. The commenter argued that the 
objective of the Montreal Protocol supports an interpretation of 
Decision IV/25 that the Montreal Protocol Parties should deplete the 
aggregate CFC stockpiles available in their respective markets before 
allocating new essential use allowances to any MDI manufacturers. The 
commenter stated that it recognizes that Decisions XVII/5 and XVIII/7 
state that Parties must consider the operational supply of each 
manufacturer in making essential use allowance decisions. However, the 
commenter asserted that it does not believe that these Decisions 
conflict with or supersede Decision IV/25 as the Parties can take into 
account both the aggregate CFC stockpile and each manufacturer's 
operational supply. Additionally, the commenter argued that Decision 
XII/2 provides for the transfer of essential use allowances and CFCs 
held by MDI producing companies in order to avoid unnecessary 
production. According to the commenter, Decision VII/28 provides for 
Parties, under certain circumstances, to reallocate excess essential 
use allowances or CFCs in their respective markets. Thus the commenter 
asserted that the Montreal Protocol supports compelling U.S. companies 
with excess CFCs to sell their stockpiles to the U.S. Government for 
reallocation.
    Furthermore, the commenter argued that the Act, specifically 
Section 615, grants EPA the right to take certain actions to prevent 
endangerment to public health or welfare. The commenter asserted that 
unnecessary emissions of CFCs will endanger public health or welfare 
due to the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, and that EPA is 
justified in promulgating regulations that would allow it to mandate 
the reallocation of excess stockpiled CFCs.
    Lastly, the commenter stated that transfers or reallocations of 
CFCs are subject to all other Montreal Protocol (specifically, 
Decisions IV/25, XII/2, and XVII/5) and CAA parameters. Further, the 
commenter stated that EPA may not approve any transfer or reallocation 
of CFCs for any CFC MDI product approved after December 31, 2000 unless 
the essentiality criteria set out in paragraph 1(a) of Decision IV/25 
are met, or to the extent the intended recipient maintains CFC 
stockpiles in excess of the one-year operational supply threshold.
    In assessing the amount of new CFC production required to satisfy 
2007 essential uses, just as in 2006, EPA and FDA applied the terms of 
Decision XVII/5 including the provision on stocks of CFCs that 
indicates Parties should allocate such that manufacturers of MDIs 
maintain no more than a one-year operational supply of CFCs for 
essential uses. FDA's approach for 2007 was similar to that for 2006; 
first it calculated the quantity that each MDI manufacturer needed to 
produce essential use MDIs for the year and then it subtracted from 
that quantity any CFC stocks owned by that MDI manufacturer exceeding a 
one-year operational supply. The remainder, if more than zero, is the 
quantity of newly produced or imported CFCs needed by that 
manufacturer. In addition, FDA has informed EPA that consistent with

[[Page 32217]]

Decision XVII/5, FDA evaluates each company on an individual basis, 
rather than an aggregate of all MDI manufacturers. So, while amounts of 
CFCs may be available for purchase in the marketplace, FDA and EPA only 
account for stocks owned by a particular MDI manufacturer in evaluating 
that manufacturer's CFC need.
    EPA agrees with the commenter that the objective of the Montreal 
Protocol is to reduce and eventually eliminate the production of ODSs, 
but that the essential use provision exists to ensure that an adequate 
supply of CFCs are available for those uses deemed ``essential'' by the 
Parties. EPA recognizes that in making the determination for essential 
uses for 2007, FDA took into account a number of considerations in 
assessing each MDI manufacturer's need, including the amount and type 
of CFC necessary to produce specific MDIs. The commenter's 
recommendation about redistribution of excess CFCs is outside the scope 
of the proposal on which this final rule is based. While the commenter 
suggests that EPA use Section 615 authority to redistribute excess 
CFCs, EPA does not believe that government-mandated redistribution is 
necessary at this time, and has not examined the extent of its 
authority for such action. EPA regulations currently allow transfer of 
both essential use allowances and essential use CFCs among essential 
use allowance holders. These mechanisms provide for redistribution of 
CFCs with minimal government involvement. The small number of 
participants in the market for essential use CFCs and the limited 
quantities of CFCs at issue further suggest that there is no need to 
expand EPA's role. In addition, any entity that chooses to hold stocks 
of essential use CFCs rather than sell to a willing purchaser runs the 
risk that the stocks will decline in value and ultimately become a 
liability for domestic use.
    EPA regulates transfers of essential use CFCs to ensure their 
proper use, and in approving transfers between domestic MDI 
manufacturers, EPA requires the companies involved to certify that the 
MDIs produced with the transferred essential use CFCs were approved by 
FDA before December 31, 2000. EPA does not apply the terms of Decision 
XVII/5, including the provision on manufacturers maintaining no more 
than a one-year operational supply, when assessing whether to approve a 
transfer of essential use CFCs. However, in determining annual 
essential use allocations for MDI manufacturers, FDA analyzes each MDI 
manufacturer's stocks of CFCs. Therefore, if a company obtains 
essential use CFCs during a particular year from another MDI 
manufacturer, FDA would account for those stocks in making its 
determinations for the year. EPA encourages, but does not mandate, such 
transfers.
    A second commenter noted that based on the projected use of its 
2006 stockpile amounts, it would require additional CFCs to meet the 
increased demand for albuterol MDIs and epinephrine mist MDIs. EPA and 
FDA disagree with the commenter that additional essential use 
allowances should be allocated in 2007 for the production of CFC-
albuterol MDIs. EPA and FDA believe that the commenter's projections 
assume a level of production exceeding that medically necessary. 
Further, this comment does not take into account all CFCs available to 
the company for albuterol production. When these factors are 
considered, EPA believes, based on consultation with FDA, that no 
additional CFC allowances for albuterol should be allocated in 2007.

C. Number of Months of Safety Stockpile

    One commenter supported the zero allocation for albuterol 
manufacture in 2007, but voiced concern with the method by which FDA 
calculated essential use allowances. The commenter noted that while FDA 
appeared to have based its allocation recommendation on the operational 
supply rule established by paragraph 2 of Decision XVII/5, FDA 
implemented this paragraph by setting the minimum stockpile threshold 
at 12 months (as articulated in EPA's final rule allocating 2006 
essential use allowances) while the Decision states that 12 months is 
the maximum operational supply that may be maintained by an MDI 
manufacturer. Recognizing that the Decision allows Parties to set the 
operational supply threshold at less than one year, the commenter 
recommended a threshold of one to three months.
    A second commenter noted that FDA applied the twelve-month cap on 
each company's operational supply of CFCs, as stated in paragraph 2 of 
Decision XVII/5, to determine that no allocations for manufacturers of 
CFC albuterol MDIs were necessary. The commenter stated that this 
interpretation was ``logical, reasonable, and equitable,'' but further 
stated that the twelve-month stockpile supply is a maximum amount and 
that a six-month supply stockpile allowance should be used in any 
future assessments of allocations.
    A third commenter expressed support for the calculation of 
anticipated CFC requirements for future manufacture of albuterol MDIs, 
as described in the proposed rule, and stated that the calculation is 
both reasonable and appropriate to ensure a smooth transition. The 
commenter noted that sufficient stockpiles of CFCs exist to meet 
albuterol CFC MDI production needs through the end of 2008. In 
addition, the commenter stated that an orderly transition to albuterol 
HFA implies a phase-out of albuterol CFC production before the December 
31, 2008 deadline. After that deadline, section 610 of the Clean Air 
Act will prohibit the sale or distribution of albuterol CFC MDIs in 
interstate commerce. Therefore, the commenter states, retailers and 
suppliers must have adequate time to deplete their stock before then.
    Paragraph 2 of Decision XVII/5 states that Parties ``shall take 
into account pre- and post-1996 stocks of controlled substances as 
described in paragraph 1(b) of Decision IV/25, such that no more than a 
one-year's operational supply is maintained by that manufacturer.'' In 
making its determination for allocation of essential use allowances, 
FDA acted consistent with this provision by allowing manufacturers to 
maintain a supply of up to 12 months of the manufacturing operations. 
FDA calculates volumes to allow the manufacturer to end the calendar 
year with the appropriate level of stock. EPA and FDA do not agree that 
allowing manufacturers to maintain up to a 12-month supply is excessive 
because, in part, maintaining such an amount accounts for unexpected 
variability in the demand for MDI products or other unexpected 
occurrences in the market and therefore ensures that MDI manufacturers 
are able to produce their essential use MDIs.

D. Rulemaking Process and Timing

    One commenter requested that EPA reconsider its allocations in 
light of Schering-Plough's October 13, 2006 announcement that it would 
end production of its Warrick Pharmaceutical brand CFC-albuterol MDIs 
early in 2007. According to the commenter, most customers believe that 
Warrick brand CFC-albuterol will not be available after early 2007. In 
this regard, the commenter noted that after the first quarter of 2007, 
Armstrong will be the sole producer and supplier of albuterol CFCs and 
that EPA must make an additional CFC allocation to Armstrong in order 
to avoid a dramatic shortfall in CFC supply relative to projected 
demand.
    With Schering-Plough's announcement, EPA and FDA expected

[[Page 32218]]

that the manufacture of CFC-albuterol would be significantly lower in 
2007 than 2006 and that this decrease will be balanced by an increase 
in HFA production and availability sufficient to meet patient needs. 
EPA and FDA expect a further decrease in albuterol CFC production in 
2008, particularly in the months leading up to December 31, 2008, when 
all sales of CFC albuterol MDIs must cease. FDA has informed EPA that 
based on information it is receiving from HFA manufacturers, HFA 
manufacturers currently have the ability to produce enough HFA 
albuterol MDIs to meet total market demand for albuterol MDIs. 
Therefore FDA does not anticipate shortages of albuterol MDIs.
    One commenter indicated that it believed that CFCs should not be 
allocated to companies unless they have demonstrated good faith efforts 
to research and develop CFC-free alternatives. The commenter argued 
that EPA's interpretation of Paragraph 1 of Decision VIII/10--that the 
Parties will request information on research and development from 
companies but not use it as a basis for denying an essential use 
allowance request--is inadequate. The commenter asserted that the 
reiteration of the same language from Paragraph 1 of Decision XVIII/10 
in Paragraph 3 of Decision XVIII/7 indicates that Parties did not 
believe that the plain intent of Decision VIII/10 was being followed 
and that at this stage of the phaseout the Parties are looking for 
demonstrations of commitment to the transition. The commenter also 
argued that Decisions VIII/10 and XVIII/7 warrant EPA to require 
companies requesting essential use allowances to demonstrate ongoing 
research and development of CFC-free alternatives and that EPA has the 
authority to do so under Sections 604(d)(2) and 615 of the CAA.
    EPA agrees that companies applying for essential use allocations to 
manufacture MDIs generally should demonstrate ongoing research and 
development of alternatives to CFC MDIs. To this end, in accordance 
with Decision VIII/10, since 1997 EPA has requested that applicants 
provide this information with their applications for CFC essential use 
nominations. EPA reiterated this policy in the final rules allocating 
essential use allowances for 2005 and 2006 (70 FR 49836 and 71 FR 
58504, respectively). Each company that is receiving an essential use 
allocation has submitted information to EPA pertaining to its research 
and development efforts. In its essential use nominations, the U.S. 
Government articulates that the MDI manufacturers, for which the U.S. 
Government is submitting an essential use request, have submitted 
information demonstrating their on-going research and development 
activities in pursuit of alternatives to CFC MDIs. To this end, today's 
rulemaking is fully consistent with the Decisions to the Protocol.
    One commenter stated that EPA's essential use allowance allocation 
process and proposed allocations comport with general standards of 
administrative law. The commenter stated that the proposed rule 
allocating 2007 allowances clearly meets the non-arbitrariness standard 
of administrative law that a rulemaking agency must ``examine relevant 
data'' and that failure to do so could constitute arbitrary decision-
making. The commenter specifically commended the use of company-
specific stockpile information collected in a follow-up letter sent to 
companies on May 10, 2006, seeking information under the authority of 
Section 114 of the CAA. In addition, the commenter stated that the 2007 
proposed rule correctly applied the ``one-year operational supply'' 
provision of Decision XVII/5 and that EPA disclosed FDA's methodology 
and allowed ample opportunity for public comments. Last, the commenter 
argued that EPA is required to provide an additional notice and comment 
opportunity for public comment on any material increase in any 
company's allocation (e.g. allocating essential use volumes to a 
company that EPA had proposed would not receive any). The commenter 
noted that this would include the posting of an explanatory letter from 
FDA on the docket articulating the reasons for the changes. The 
commenter requested that EPA provide notice and opportunity for public 
comment if it is considering allocating any volumes to manufacturers of 
CFC-albuterol MDIs.
    In response to the commenter's request for notice and an 
opportunity for public comment in the event that EPA issues material 
changes to a company's allocation, EPA believes that it has reasonably 
articulated the reasons that two companies are receiving additional 
allocations in this final rule and that further notice and comment on 
this issue is unnecessary. As stated in preceding paragraphs, FDA 
determined, based on additional information received, that essential 
use allowances should be increased for two companies. With respect to 
essential use allocations for the manufacture of CFC-albuterol, EPA 
confirms that it is not allocating any essential use allowances for the 
manufacture of CFC-albuterol MDIs in the 2007 allocation.
    EPA received three comments supporting its timeliness in starting 
the allocation process and granting allocations in the first quarter of 
the year to provide for better planning and security of supply.

E. The Transition to Non-CFC MDIs

    One commenter provided information showing that HFA products have 
accounted for a small and largely constant share of the albuterol 
market over the past four years, and that CFC inhalers represented 92% 
of total albuterol sales through the first nine months of 2006, 
according to IMS data. The commenter stated that meeting the demand for 
CFC-albuterol with the withdrawal of Schering-Plough would require 
production of CFC-propelled units in 2007 and 2008. The commenter 
stated that EPA should allocate additional CFC allowances for albuterol 
production in 2007 and 2008 to allow for an orderly market transition 
to HFA albuterol. The commenter stated that failure to allocate CFC 
allowances for albuterol production in 2007 would create marketplace 
disruption and risk harm to public health, and provided the following 
justifications to substantiate that claim.
    First, the commenter argued that public and private reimbursement 
has not completely caught up to the changeover to HFA inhalers and gaps 
remain, particularly in Medicaid and Medicare Part D coverage. Citing 
IMS data, the commenter maintained that the wholesale prices for HFA 
albuterol are more than five times higher than for CFC albuterol. A 
shortage of less-expensive CFC-albuterol MDIs would deprive low-income 
asthma sufferers of access to inhalers, potentially forcing uninsured 
patients to seek relief in emergency rooms where treatment may be 
costly and untimely.
    Second, the commenter stated that converting a market from 92% CFC 
to 100% HFA requires a measured and orderly transition that shifts 
patients to HFA inhalers while allowing for scale-up of HFA production 
capacity, education of doctors and patients about the differences 
between CFC and HFA albuterol, and adaptation to HFA products by 
pharmacies and insurance companies. The commenter stated that FDA and 
patient advocates have stressed this point. Further, the commenter 
argued that a sudden, unexpected unavailability of CFC albuterol might 
endanger patient health because patients might not have sufficient time 
to safely transition and because not all formulations of HFA albuterol 
might be available in sufficient supplies. The commenter also asserted

[[Page 32219]]

that HFA inhalers differ from CFC inhalers in taste and delivery feel 
and that noted that patients may need time to find the most agreeable 
formulation. Lastly, the commenter stated that pharmacists in states 
that rely on the Orange Book or the FDA to define ``therapeutic 
equivalence,'' and do not give discretion to pharmacists to substitute, 
will not be able to substitute HFA albuterol for CFC albuterol in cases 
where the prescription provides for CFC albuterol.
    Based on input from FDA, EPA disagrees that further allocations of 
essential use allowances for the manufacture of CFC-albuterol are 
medically necessary. For 2007 essential use allocations, FDA examined 
the amount of CFCs available from stocks to manufacture CFC albuterol 
as well as the supply of HFA albuterol in the marketplace and has 
determined that there is not a medical need to allocate allowances for 
CFC albuterol. According to FDA, based on information that FDA is 
receiving from HFA manufacturers, HFA manufacturers currently have the 
ability to produce enough HFA-albuterol MDIs to meet total market 
demand for albuterol MDIs.
    EPA and FDA understand that patients may incur additional costs to 
purchase albuterol inhalers as the market transitions to HFA MDIs. For 
example, EPA and FDA recognize that patients covered by medical 
insurance may encounter higher co-payments to purchase HFA albuterol. 
However, patient assistance programs exist to assist patients with the 
increased costs. For low-income patients, these programs include free 
and discounted medicines. To assist patients facing higher co-pays 
associated with the increased costs of the HFA MDIs, programs such as 
coupons and discounted HFA MDIs are being made available through 
physicians, at pharmacies, and at individual manufacturers' Web sites.
    Advocacy and non-profit groups have been pursuing education and 
outreach efforts in preparation for the December 31, 2008 phaseout of 
CFC-albuterol inhalers. They understand that educating doctors, 
patients, and pharmacies is paramount. FDA selected December 31, 2008, 
as the phaseout date largely because it provided sufficient time for 
the transition to HFA MDIs to occur. This time allows for patients to 
meet with their doctors and for their doctors to discuss the change to 
HFA MDIs. FDA is monitoring the supply of albuterol closely and does 
not anticipate any shortages in 2007.
    One commenter supported EPA's proposal to allocate no essential use 
allowances for 2007 for single-moiety albuterol CFC MDIs because 
satisfactory alternatives are available. The commenter asserted that 
the December 31, 2008 effective date of non-essentiality of CFC-
albuterol MDIs is overly conservative. Two CFC-free alternatives to 
CFC-albuterol MDIs have been on the market for several years. In 
addition, the commenter stated that it is now clear that the bulk of 
the transition to CFC-free albuterol will occur well before 2008, 
provided that the companies' efforts to transition the market are not 
undercut. The commenter noted that two additional CFC-free alternatives 
to CFC-albuterol MDIs have been introduced into the market since FDA 
began its rulemaking process to remove the essential use designation 
for albuterol MDIs. According to the commenter, FDA has determined that 
approximately 40 percent of albuterol MDIs produced in 2006 used HFA-
134a as their propellant and FDA anticipates that this will grow to 60 
percent in 2007 and 80 percent in 2008. The commenter stated its belief 
that this estimate is overly conservative given that Warrick 
Pharmaceuticals, which currently produces approximately 70 percent of 
the albuterol CFC MDIs sold in the US, announced plans to cease 
manufacture of CFC inhalers in early 2007 and plans to transition 
patients to its HFA alternative.
    The commenter also noted that the only remaining risk to the 
successful transition of the albuterol MDI market is that those 
companies that do not have albuterol CFC-free alternatives on the 
market, and therefore have no interest in seeing the transition 
successfully concluded, may see the transition as an opportunity to 
gain temporary market share. The commenter argued that these companies 
could capitalize on patients who are displeased with the new 
prescriptions, and with adjustments to the inhalers' ``taste and 
feel,'' associated with alternatives.
    One commenter recommended that EPA state that CFC albuterol MDIs 
are not essential in the U.S. under Montreal Protocol criteria and that 
new CFC production for such uses is not necessary. The commenter noted 
that four CFC-free albuterol MDIs have been approved by FDA and are now 
on the market and that numerous patient assistance programs ensure that 
low-income and uninsured patients can afford these medications. 
Therefore, the commenter notes, CFC-albuterol MDIs are no longer 
essential under the Decision IV/25 criterion and essential use 
allowances may no longer legally be allocated for that use because 
technically and economically feasible alternatives are available. The 
commenter believes that, at a minimum, EPA should state that new 
production of CFCs for albuterol MDIs is per se not necessary.
    Similarly, another commenter noted that the preamble to Decision 
XVIII/7 states the need for Parties to limit essential use allocations. 
This commenter cites Decision IV/25, which states that CFCs for use in 
MDIs shall not qualify as essential ``if technically and economically 
feasible alternatives or substitutes are available,'' and the TEAP 
report concludes that ``technically satisfactory alternatives'' to CFC-
based MDIs are available for short-acting beta-agonists.
    In 2005, FDA issued a final rule removing the essential use 
designation for CFC-albuterol MDIs as of December 31, 2008 (70 FR 
17168). FDA based this decision on a comprehensive analysis that 
addressed, among other issues, the availability and convenience of non-
ODS alternatives. FDA determined that December 31, 2008, was an 
appropriate date because it believed that adequate production capacity 
and supplies of HFA albuterol would be available to meet patient need. 
So, while alternatives to CFC-albuterol MDIs were available at that 
time, the supply and the capacity of manufacturers to produce 
sufficient amounts of HFA MDIs to meet the demand for albuterol were 
not yet adequate. A date of December 31, 2008 was chosen to provide 
time for a smooth and successful transition to occur and to prevent a 
shortage in the market that would affect patients' ability to receive 
albuterol. That transition is well underway, but some production of 
CFC-albuterol remains necessary and albuterol remains listed in 21 CFR 
2.125(e).
    One commenter stated that based on current market conditions, it 
believes that the total supply of albuterol MDIs (both HFA and CFC 
inhalers) in the market should continue to meet demand during the 
transition to HFA. The commenter noted that it has significantly 
increased the amount of HFA albuterol inhalers that it produces, and 
that it is in the position to increase its supply further if the need 
arises. It further noted that based on publicly available data, it 
appears that another HFA albuterol inhaler manufacturer has also 
increased supply of its HFA albuterol inhaler. Lastly, the commenter 
stated that its communications from FDA indicate that FDA, based on 
discussions with all manufacturers of albuterol inhalers, is not 
anticipating near-or medium-short-term shortages of

[[Page 32220]]

albuterol MDIs. In this regard, the commenter argued that there is no 
need for incremental CFC-based albuterol MDIs beyond the previously 
approved 2006 CFC allocations to meet overall albuterol demand in the 
United States.
    Two commenters supported EPA's proposed allocation and asserted 
that a gradual transition from CFC albuterol to HFA albuterol would 
benefit patients. One commenter stated EPA correctly concluded, based 
on the availability of alternatives, that CFCs for albuterol MDIs are 
not necessary, as defined by Section 604(d)(2) of the Clean Air Act; 
and that the proposed allocations would benefit patients by smoothing 
the transition to alternatives.
    One commenter supported the proposed allocation because it provided 
for a timetable that would enable CFC albuterol supplies to be drawn 
down while ensuring a steady, reliable supply of HFA product. The 
commenter stated that a smooth transition requires a gradual conversion 
of the albuterol market to HFAs and that this transition should be 
completed sufficiently in advance of December 31, 2008. The commenter 
noted that an abrupt transition would have potential negative health 
impacts, present an onerous administrative burden on providers and 
pharmacies, and waste any potential for transition to improve disease 
management.
    Both commenters cautioned the Agency about the negative health 
outcomes potentially associated with patients transitioning several 
times between CFC and HFA inhalers or using both products at once. One 
commenter stated that specific benchmarks can minimize confusion in 
pharmacies and that an efficient phase-out period with consistent 
downward pressure on the availability of CFC MDIs can prevent these 
problems. The commenter also suggested that nine months would be an 
appropriate conversion period for CFC and HFA products to coexist in 
the market.
    One commenter noted that the four HFA albuterol MDIs on the market 
are all different formulations, while the CFC albuterol MDIs were all 
similar. The commenter asserted that this variety will benefit patients 
by allowing them to find a formulation that works best for them and to 
avoid formulations to which they are allergic. The commenter noted that 
some of the HFA MDIs also have new features that were absent in the CFC 
models and that the production variety improves security of supply. The 
commenter also stated that the proposed allocations sent a consistent 
and appropriate signal to all affected constituencies that the 
Government is serious about the albuterol transition, which is 
prompting patient education and outreach.

III. Allocation of Essential Use Allowances for Calendar Year 2007

    With this action, EPA is allocating essential use allowances for 
calendar year 2007 to the entities listed in Table 1. These allowances 
are for the production or import of the specified quantity of Class I 
controlled substances solely for the specified essential use.

        Table 1.--Essential Use Allowances for Calendar Year 2007
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          2007 Quantity
             Company                     Chemical         (metric tons)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 (i) Metered Dose Inhalers (for oral inhalation) for Treatment of Asthma
                and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Armstrong Pharmaceuticals........  CFC-114 (production              22.4
                                    of epinephrine
                                    MDIs only).
Inyx (Aventis)...................  CFC-11 or CFC-12 or              39.6
                                    CFC-114.
3M Pharmaceuticals...............  CFC-11 or CFC-12 or              65.0
                                    CFC-114.
Wyeth............................  CFC-11 or CFC-12 or              40.0
                                    CFC-114.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review

    Under Executive Order (EO) 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), 
this action is a ``significant regulatory action'' because it raises 
novel legal or policy issues. Accordingly, EPA submitted this action to 
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review under EO 12866 and 
any changes made in response to OMB recommendations have been 
documented in the docket for this action.
    EPA prepared an analysis of the potential costs and benefits 
related to this action. This analysis is contained in the Agency's 
Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for the entire Title VI phaseout 
program (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ``Regulatory Impact 
Analysis: Compliance with Section 604 of the Clean Air Act for the 
Phaseout of Ozone Depleting Chemicals,'' July 1992). A copy of the 
analysis is available in the docket for this action and the analysis is 
briefly summarized here. The RIA examined the projected economic costs 
of a complete phaseout of consumption of ozone-depleting substances, as 
well as the projected benefits of phased reductions in total emissions 
of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances, including essential use 
CFCs used for metered-dose inhalers.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This action does not impose any new information collection burden. 
The recordkeeping and reporting requirements included in this action 
are already included in an existing information collection burden and 
this action does not make any changes that would affect the burden. 
However, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has previously 
approved the information collection requirements contained in the 
existing regulations at 40 CFR 82(a) under the provisions of the 
Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. and has assigned OMB 
control number 2060-0170, EPA ICR number 1432.25. A copy of the OMB 
approved Information Collection Request (ICR) may be obtained from 
Susan Auby, Collection Strategies Division; U.S. Environmental 
Protection Agency (2822T); 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 
20460 or by calling (202) 566-1672.
    Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources 
expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or 
provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time 
needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize 
technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and 
verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and 
disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to 
comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; 
train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; 
search data sources; complete and review the collection of

[[Page 32221]]

information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's 
regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency 
to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to 
notice and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative 
Procedure Act or any other statute unless the agency certifies that the 
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, 
small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions.
    For purposes of assessing the impact of today's rule on small 
entities, small entities are defined as: (1) Pharmaceutical 
preparations manufacturing businesses (NAICS code 325412) that have 
fewer than 750 employees; (2) a small governmental jurisdiction that is 
a government of a city, county, town, school district or special 
district with a population of less than 50,000; and (3) a small 
organization that is any not-for-profit enterprise that is 
independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field.
    After considering the economic impacts of today's final rule on 
small entities, I certify that this action will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. In 
determining whether a rule has a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities, the impact of concern is any 
significant adverse economic impact on small entities, since the 
primary purpose of the regulatory flexibility analyses is to identify 
and address regulatory alternatives ``which minimize any significant 
economic impact of the proposed rule on small entities.'' 5 U.S.C. 603 
and 604. Thus, an agency may conclude that a rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities 
if the rule relieves regulatory burden, or otherwise has a positive 
economic effect on all of the small entities subject to the rule. This 
rule provides an otherwise unavailable benefit to those companies that 
are receiving essential use allowances. We have therefore concluded 
that today's final rule will relieve regulatory burden for all small 
entities.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public 
Law 104-4, establishes requirements for Federal agencies to assess the 
effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal 
governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA 
generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost-benefit 
analysis, for proposed and final rules with ``Federal mandates'' that 
may result in expenditures to State, local, and tribal governments, in 
the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $100 million or more in any 
one year.
    Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement is 
needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and 
consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the 
least costly, most cost-effective, or least burdensome alternative that 
achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do 
not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, 
section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least 
costly, most cost-effective, or least burdensome alternative, if the 
Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation why that 
alternative was not adopted.
    Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal 
governments, it must have developed a small government agency plan 
under section 203 of the UMRA. The plan must provide for notifying 
potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected 
small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the 
development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal 
intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising 
small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements.
    Today's rule contains no Federal mandates (under the regulatory 
provisions of Title II of the UMRA) for State, local, or tribal 
governments or the private sector, since it merely provides exemptions 
from the 1996 phase-out of Class I ODSs. Similarly, EPA has determined 
that this rule contains no regulatory requirements that might 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments, because this rule 
merely allocates essential use exemptions to entities as an exemption 
to the ban on production and import of Class I ODSs.

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    Executive Order 13132, entitled ``Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, August 
10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure 
``meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the 
development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' 
``Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the 
Executive Order to include regulations that have ``substantial direct 
effects on the States, on the relationship between the national 
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government.''
    This final rule does not have federalism implications. It will not 
have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship 
between the national government and the States, or on the distribution 
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, 
as specified in Executive Order 13132. Thus, Executive Order 13132 does 
not apply to this rule.

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    Executive Order 13175, entitled ``Consultation and Coordination 
with Indian Tribal Governments'' (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), 
requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure ``meaningful 
and timely input by tribal officials in the development of regulatory 
policies that have tribal implications.'' This final rule does not have 
tribal implications, as specified in Executive Order 13175. Today's 
rule affects only the companies that requested essential use 
allowances. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this rule.

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    Executive Order 13045, ``Protection of Children from Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks'' (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997), applies 
to any rule that (1) is determined to be ``economically significant'' 
as defined under Executive Order 12866, and (2) concerns an 
environmental health and safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may 
have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action 
meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health 
or safety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the 
planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and 
reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency.

[[Page 32222]]

    EPA interprets E.O. 13045 as applying only to those regulatory 
actions that are based on health or safety risks, such that the 
analysis required under section 5-501 of the Order has the potential to 
influence the regulation. This final rule is not subject to Executive 
Order 13045 because it implements the phaseout schedule and exemptions 
established by Congress in Title VI of the Clean Air Act.

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This rule is a not ``significant energy action'' as defined in 
Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use'' (66 FR 28355 
(May 22, 2001)) because it is not likely to have a significant adverse 
effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy. The rule affects 
only the pharmaceutical companies that requested essential use 
allowances.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

    Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement 
Act of 1995 (``NTTAA''), Public Law 104-113, section 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 
272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in 
regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with 
applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards 
are technical standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, 
sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or 
adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA 
to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides 
not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. This 
final rule does not involve technical standards. Therefore, EPA did not 
consider the use of any voluntary consensus standards.

J. Congressional Review Act

    The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the 
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally 
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating 
the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, 
to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the 
United States. Therefore, EPA will submit a report containing this rule 
and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of 
Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior 
to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. This rule is not a 
``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). This rule will be 
effective June 12, 2007.

V. Judicial Review

    Under section 307(b)(1) of the Act, EPA finds that these 
regulations are of national applicability. Accordingly, judicial review 
of the action is available only by the filing of a petition for review 
in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit within sixty days of publication of the action in the Federal 
Register. Under section 307(b)(2), the requirements of this rule may 
not be challenged later in judicial proceedings brought to enforce 
those requirements.

VI. Effective Date of This Final Rule

    Section 553(d) of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) generally 
provides that rules may not take effect earlier than 30 days after they 
are published in the Federal Register. Today's final rule is issued 
under section 307(d) of the CAA, which states, ``The provisions of 
section 553 through 557 * * * of Title 5 shall not, except as expressly 
provided in this subsection, apply to actions to which this subsection 
applies.'' Thus, section 553(d) of the APA does not apply to this rule. 
EPA nevertheless is acting consistently with the policies underlying 
APA section 553(d) in making this rule effective June 12, 2007. APA 
section 553(d) provides an exception for any action that grants or 
recognizes an exemption or relieves a restriction. Because today's 
action grants an exemption to the phaseout of production and 
consumption of CFCs, EPA is making this action effective immediately to 
ensure continued availability of CFCs for medical devices.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Air pollution control, Chemicals, Exports, Imports, Ozone, Reporting 
and recordkeeping requirements.

    Dated: June 6, 2007.
Stephen L. Johnson,
Administrator.

0
40 CFR Part 82 is amended as follows:

PART 82--PROTECTION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE

0
1. The authority citation for part 82 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7414, 7601, 7671-7671q.

Subpart A--Production and Consumption Controls

0
2. Section 82.8 is amended by revising the table in paragraph (a) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  82.8  Grants of essential use allowances and critical use 
allowances.

    (a) * * *

        Table I.--Essential Use Allowances for Calendar Year 2007
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          2007 Quantity
             Company                     Chemical         (metric tons)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 (i) Metered Dose Inhalers (for oral inhalation) for Treatment of Asthma
                and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Armstrong Pharmaceuticals........  CFC-114 (production              22.4
                                    of epinephrine
                                    MDIs only).
Inyx (Aventis)...................  CFC-11 or CFC-12 or              39.6
                                    CFC-114.
3M Pharmaceuticals...............  CFC-11 or CFC-12 or              65.0
                                    CFC-114.
Wyeth............................  CFC-11 or CFC-12 or              40.0
                                    CFC-114.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *
[FR Doc. E7-11319 Filed 6-11-07; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
