
1
National
Air
Emissions
Monitoring
Study
Overview
&
Summary
April
14,
2004
Executive
Summary:
This
document
provides
an
overview
and
summary
of
a
research
project
designed
to
provide
quality­
assured
air
emission
data
from
representative
swine,
egg
layer,
dairy
and
meat­
bird
(
broiler
and
turkey)
farms
in
the
U.
S.
These
benchmark
data
and
accompanying
analysis
and
interpretation
will
allow
U.
S.
EPA
and
livestock
and
poultry
producers
to
reasonably
determine
which
farms
are
subject
to
the
regulatory
provisions
of
the
Clean
Air
Act
and
reporting
requirements
of
CERCLA
and
EPCRA.
Following
sound
scientific
principles
and
using
accepted
instrumentation
and
methods,
this
project
will
collect
new
data
from
a
number
of
farms
across
the
country
and
will
also
evaluate
existing
emissions
data
from
other
studies
that
may
meet
EPA
quality
assurance
criteria.
Together
they
will
form
a
database
to
which
additional
studies
of
air
emissions
and
effectiveness
of
control
technologies
can
be
compared.

EPA
will
review
and
approve
(
as
described
in
the
Consent
Agreement)
a
comprehensive
study
design
and
plan,
including
a
Quality
Assurance
Project
Plan
(
QAPP)
and
budget
for
all
aspects
of
the
study.
The
QAPP
will
outline
appropriate
procedures
to
ensure
acceptable
accuracy,
precision,
representativeness,
and
comparability
of
the
data,
and
will
specify
the
use
of
properly
maintained
and
reliable
instrumentation,
sampling
schedules,
ready
supply
of
spare
parts,
approved
analytical
methodologies
and
standard
operation
procedures,
description
of
routine
QC
checks,
external
validation
of
data,
well­
trained
analysts,
field
blanks,
electrical
backups,
audits,
documentation
and
format
of
data
submission,
and
other
procedural
requirements.
Chain
of
custody
documentation
will
be
used
for
samples
of
particulate
matter.
Wetted
materials
for
gas
sampling
will
be
Teflon,
stainless
steel
or
glass.
All
sampling
flow
rates
will
be
calibrated.

The
study
Research
Leader
 
Dr.
Al
Heber
of
Purdue
University
 
will
be
responsible
for
drafting
the
comprehensive
study
design
and
QAPP,
and
will
submit
these
to
EPA
for
approval.
Purdue
(
Dr.
Heber's
team
members
and
the
Purdue
University
business
office)
will
provide
a
separation
between
industry
representatives
that
fund
the
study
(
Agricultural
Air
Research
Council
(
AARC),
the
nonprofit
"
entity"
described
in
the
Consent
Agreement)
and
those
additional
scientists
that
will
conduct
the
monitoring
program.
Purdue
will
have
specific
fiduciary,
communications
and
technical
responsibilities.
Purdue
will
oversee
the
process
to
ensure
the
study
funds
and
equipment
are
properly
accounted
for
under
the
approved
budget
and
federal
check­
off
funding
requirements
and
any
applicable
tax
laws.
Purdue
will
report
on
the
conduct
of
the
study
to
EPA
and
AARC.
In
addition,
Purdue
will
build
a
website
specific
for
this
study
and
regularly
post
updates
for
the
public
to
follow
the
progress
of
the
study.
Purdue
will
oversee
certain
technical
aspects
of
the
study,
will
help
interpret
the
progress
of
the
study,
and
provide
periodic
reports
to
EPA
and
the
AARC.

Purdue
will
directly
administer:
(
a)
all
subcontracts
with
the
principal
investigators
(
PIs)
doing
the
data
collection;
(
b)
purchasing
and
inventory
control
of
all
equipment
throughout
the
study,
(
c)
construction
and
distribution
of
mobile
laboratories,
(
d)
direct
2
supervision
of
the
teams
of
PIs
in
the
course
of
the
study,
(
e)
direct
supervision
of
data
acquisition,
data
management,
data
processing,
data
and
equipment
QA/
QC,
etc.,
and
(
f)
other
activities
as
detailed
below.
Purdue
will
interact
with
the
business
offices
of
the
other
universities
to
administer
their
respective
PI's
budgets.
It
is
envisioned
that
these
budgets
will
vary
depending
on
the
location
of
the
farm(
s),
the
number
of
barns
and/
or
lagoons
monitored,
and
local
characteristics
(
e.
g.,
distance
PIs
and
technicians
have
to
travel
to
visit
the
site(
s),
the
climate
extremes,
etc.).
The
individual
PIs
will
likely
employ
their
existing
technicians
(
generally
already
part
of
their
teams)
and
their
own
university
business
offices
will
handle
their
team's
payroll,
travel
reimbursements
etc.
as
they
would
any
other
external
contract
or
grant.
Purdue
will
monitor
expenditures
of
each
subcontracting
university,
approve
transfer
of
funds
to
them
according
to
approved
budgets,
review
the
financial
statements
of
the
business
offices
of
the
subcontracting
universities,
and
report
to
EPA
and
the
AARC
on
a
regular
basis.
The
Research
Leader
will
facilitate
a
process
to
select
farms
for
monitoring,
following
the
protocols
developed
by
EPA
and
a
volunteer
team
during
several
months
in
late
2003
and
early
2004.
The
Research
Leader
will
supervise
the
set
up
of
those
farms
selected
(
e.
g.,
advise
the
cooperating
farmers
on
their
responsibilities,
verify
utilities,
arrange
for
high
speed
computer
data
transmission
service,
etc.)
for
conduct
of
the
study
and
implement
the
quality
assurance
project
plan
for
the
study.
The
Research
Leader
will
help
solicit,
select
and
then
supervise
principal
investigators
for
the
study.

The
AARC
will
be
established
as
a
nonprofit
corporation
and
will
operate
like
a
company.
Voting
members
will
elect
a
board
of
directors
that
will
meet
regularly,
receive
reports
on
the
progress
of
the
study,
approve
the
budget
and
review
audits
of
expenditures.
The
AARC
will
be
responsible
for
holding
and
disbursing
to
Purdue
the
funds
necessary
to
complete
the
study
according
to
its
approved
schedule,
protocol
and
budget.
The
AARC
will
also
provide
a
communication
mechanism
to
livestock
and
poultry
producers,
the
media
and
other
interested
parties.

On
the
following
pages
the
swine,
egg
layer,
meat
bird
(
broiler
and
turkey)
and
dairy
air
emissions
study
components
are
summarized.
These
were
developed
over
several
months
by
a
volunteer
team
of
scientists,
industry
and
other
stakeholders.
While
the
study
scope
varies
from
species
to
species
in
line
with
their
data
needs,
available
funding
and
industry
characteristics,
the
technologies
and
measurement
methodologies
selected
by
the
team
are
consistent
across
species.
3
1.
Air
Emission
Research
Plan
for
Swine
Purpose:
The
purpose
of
this
research
project
is
to
provide
quality­
assured
air
emission
data
from
representative
swine
farms
in
the
U.
S.,
to
U.
S.
EPA,
in
the
effort
to
determine
which
farms
might
fall
under
regulatory
authority
as
defined
in
the
consent
agreement.
Following
sound
scientific
principles,
this
project
will
collect
new
data
and
aggregate
existing
emissions
data
from
previous
studies.
These
data
will
serve
as
the
beginning
of
a
database
to
which
new
data
can
be
added
as
emissions
and
against
which
control
technologies
can
be
compared.

Objectives:
New
data
will
be
collected
and
existing
data
will
be
aggregated
to
create
tools
(
i.
e.
look
up
tables,
charts,
or
models)
to
meet
the
following
objectives.

 
Determine
whether
individual
swine
farms
are
likely
to
emit
particulate
matter
(
both
total
suspended
particulate
[
TSP],
particles
smaller
than
10
and
2.5
microns
[
PM10
&
PM2.5]),
and
volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOC)
in
excess
of
applicable
Clean
Air
Act
(
CAA)
thresholds.
Applicable
federal
emission
thresholds
for
attainment
areas
are
250
tons
per
year
for
TSP
and
100
tons
per
year
for
PM10
,
PM2.5,
and
VOC.
Some
State
Clean
Air
Act
thresholds
vary.
 
Determine
whether
individual
swine
farms
are
likely
to
emit
ammonia
(
NH3)
and
hydrogen
sulfide
(
H2S)
in
excess
of
applicable
Comprehensive
Environmental
Response,
Compensation
and
Liability
Act
(
CERCLA)
and
Emergency
Planning
and
Community
Right­
to­
Know
Act
(
EPCRA)
reporting
requirements.
The
applicable
reporting
requirement
is
100
pounds
per
day
for
both
ammonia
and
hydrogen
sulfide
Introduction:
Swine
production
phases
include
sows
(
breeding,
gestation,
and
farrowing),
nursery
pigs,
and
finishing
pigs.
The
buildings
are
either
naturally­
ventilated
or
mechanicallyventilated
but
many
buildings
have
a
combination
of
the
two
ventilation
types.
Manure
treatment
and/
or
storage
generally
consists
of
either
basins
(
earthen,
clay
or
synthetic
lined
earthen,
concrete,
glass
lined
steel)
and
deep
underfloor
pits
that
store
manure
collected
from
the
barn,
or
clay/
synthetic
lined
earthen
anaerobic
treatment
lagoons
that
treat
and
store
manure.
Manure
collection
systems
with
external
manure
storage/
treatment
are
generally
scrape,
flush
or
pullplug

Overall,
the
U.
S.
hog
inventory
is
located
in
three
general
regions.
The
five
top
Midwest
swine
states
(
IA,
MN,
IL,
MO,
and
IN)
represent
about
54%
of
the
total
inventory
in
the
U.
S.
In
the
Southeast,
NC,
AR,
VA,
KY,
and
MS
represent
about
19%
and
in
the
West
with
OK,
NE,
KS,
SD,
and
TX
with
15%.

Farm
selection
for
new
measurements:
Swine
production
farm
types
are
identified
by
region,
production
phase,
ventilation
type,
and
manure
storage/
treatment
in
Table
1.
Farms
selected
will
be
characterized
by
criteria
such
as
facility
age,
size,
design
and
management,
local
topography
and
meteorology,
swine
diet
and
genetics.
The
farm
should
be
reasonably
isolated
from
other
potential
air
pollution
sources.
Producers/
farm
managers
must
be
willing
to:
1)
attend
a
training
session,
2)
make
changes
as
needed
to
accommodate
the
project,
and
3)
maintain
and
share
certain
production
records
to
facilitate
data
analysis
and
interpretation.

Farms
to
be
monitored
will
be
further
characterized
using
farm
management
data
and
samples
collected
for
analysis
of
water,
feed
and
manure.
Farms
will
provide
vital
management
information
regarding
ventilation
controls/
management
and
scheduling
of
barn
activities
such
as
4
manure
management,
animal
load
out,
animal
treatment,
or
feeding.
Water,
feed
and
manure
samples
will
be
collected
and
analyzed
for
total
nitrogen
and
total
sulfur
content
at
minimum.

Table
1.
Farm
sites
identified
and
proposed
for
monitoring.
[
G=
gestation,
F=
farrowing,
FI=
finishing].
Production
Phase
Ventilation
type
Number
of
units
measured
Location
of
measurements
Barns
or
rooms
Storage/
lagoon
treatment
Southeast
Sow
MV
4
G
&
F
single
or
double
lagoon
Finisher
MV
4
FI
single
or
double
lagoon
Midwest
Sow
MV
4
G
&
F
2
deep
pit
Finisher
MV
4
FI
1
basin
West
Sow
MV
4
G
&
F
single
or
double
lagoon
Finisher
single
or
double
lagoon
Methods:
The
mass
balance
technique
will
be
used
for
measuring
emissions
from
mechanically
ventilated
barns.
Micrometeorological
techniques
will
be
used
for
manure
storage/
treatment
systems
located
outside
the
barn.
Table
2
summarizes
the
methods
and
emissions
that
will
be
measured
from
barns
(
5)
and
manure
storage/
treatment
systems
(
6).
A
maximum
of
five
farms
will
be
selected
for
barn
measurements
and
six
farms
for
manure
storage/
treatment
system
measurements.
If
possible,
at
least
one
farm
will
have
measurements
conducted
at
both
the
barns
and
the
manure
storage/
treatment
system.

Table
2.
Summary
of
emissions
measurements
and
methodologies.

Source
units
Methodology
Targeted
emissions
Number
of
farms
Number
of
units
to
monitor
Barn
Mass
balance
NH3,
PM10,
PM2.5
VOC,
H2S,
TSP,
CO2
5
(
see
Table
1)
20
Manure
storage
/
treatment
system
Micromet
and
Water
9
VOC,
H2S,
NH3
6
(
see
Table
1)
6
Barn
Measurements:
An
on­
farm
instrumentation
shelter
will
house
the
equipment
for
measuring
pollutant
concentrations
at
representative
air
inlets
and
outlets
(
primarily
by
air
extraction
for
gases),
barn
airflows,
operational
processes
and
environmental
variables.
Sampling
will
be
conducted
for
24
months
with
data
logged
every
60
s.
Data
will
be
retrieved
with
network­
connected
PCs,
formatted,
validated,
and
delivered
to
EPA
for
subsequent
calculations
of
emission
factors.
A
multipoint
air
sampling
system
in
the
shelter
will
draw
air
sequentially
from
representative
locations
(
including
outdoor
air)
at
the
barns
and
deliver
selected
streams
to
a
manifold
from
which
on­
line
gas
monitors
draw
their
sub
samples.
Concentration
of
constituents
of
interest
will
be
measured
using
the
following
methods:
5
 
Ammonia
will
be
measured
using
chemiluminescence
or
photoacoustic
infrared.
 
Hydrogen
sulfide
will
be
measured
with
pulsed
fluorescence.
 
Carbon
dioxide
will
be
measured
using
photoacoustic
infrared.
 
TSP
will
be
measured
using
an
isokinetic
multipoint
gravimetric
method.
 
PM2.5
will
be
measured
gravimetrically
with
a
federal
reference
method
for
PM2.5
at
least
for
one
month
per
site.
It
will
be
shared
among
sites.
 
PM10
will
be
measured
in
real
time
using
the
tapered
element
oscillating
microbalance
(
TEOM)
at
representative
exhaust
locations
in
the
barn,
and
ambient
air.
 
An
initial
characterization
study
of
barn
volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOCs)
will
be
conducted
on
one
day
during
the
first
month
at
the
first
site
(
site
1).
While
total
nonmethane
hydrocarbons
(
NMHC)
are
continuously
monitored
using
a
dual­
channel
FID
analyzer
(
Method
25A)
along
with
building
airflow
rate,
VOCs
will
be
sampled
with
replication
at
two
barns
using
Silcosteel
canisters,
and
all­
glass
impingers
(
EPA
Method
26A).
Each
sample
will
be
evaluated
using
concurrent
gas
chromatography
 
mass
spectrometry
(
GC­
MS)
and
GC/
FID
for
TO
15
and
other
FID­
responding
compounds.
VOC
mass
will
be
calculated
as
the
sum
of
individual
analytes.
The
20
analytes
making
the
greatest
contribution
to
total
mass
will
be
identified
during
the
initial
characterization
study.
A
sampling
method
that
captures
a
significant
fraction
of
the
VOC
mass
will
be
chosen
for
the
remainder
of
the
study.
 
The
Method
26A
sampling
train
is
suitable
for
collecting
samples
for
analysis
of
formaldehyde
and
acetaldehyde
using
NCASI
94.02,
requiring
only
the
addition
of
spectrophotometry
for
the
detection
of
formaldehyde.
These
compounds
will
be
measured
during
the
initial
characterization
study
and,
if
not
found,
will
not
be
analyzed
during
subsequent
measurements.
 
Total
VOC
mass
may
be
estimated
(
scaled)
by
multiplying
the
total
carbon
as
determined
by
Method
25A
by
the
molecular
weight/
carbon
weight
ratio
derived
from
GC­
MS
or
GC­
FID
speciation.
This
should
account
for
the
VOCs
that
are
not
identified
by
GC
methods
due
either
to
sampling
bias
or
the
analytical
procedures
used,
although
some
error
is
anticipated
due
to
the
imprecise
response
of
the
Method
25A
FID
to
oxygenated
compounds.
Acceptance
of
a
scaling
factor
will
depend
on
whether
the
Method
25A
analyzer
response
is
reasonable
based
on
the
manufacturer's
stated
response
factors,
bench­
scale
verification,
or
judgmental
estimation
of
the
mass
of
unaccounted
for
VOCs.
 
By
the
middle
of
the
second
month,
Purdue
will
report
results
of
the
initial
VOC
characterization
to
EPA
with
recommendations
on
the
appropriateness
and
validity
of
the
selected
methodologies.
 
Quarterly
VOC
samples
using
the
selected
VOC
sampling
method
will
occur
at
all
sites,
along
with
continuous
Method
25A
monitoring
at
site
1
throughout
the
study.

 
Method
25A
measurements
will
be
corrected
from
an
"
as
carbon"
basis
to
a
total
VOC
mass
basis
by
multiplying
them
by
the
mean
molecular
weight
per
carbon
atom
established
by
GC­
MS
evaluations
during
applicable
intervals
of
time.

Mechanically
ventilated
barn
airflows
will
be
estimated
by
continuously
measuring
fan
operational
status
and
building
static
pressure
to
calculate
fan
airflow
from
field­
tested
fan
performance
curves
and
by
directly
measuring
selected
fan
airflows
using
anemometers.

Specific
processes
that
directly
or
indirectly
influence
barn
emissions
will
be
measured
including
pig
activity,
manure
management/
handling,
feeding,
and
lighting.
Environmental
parameters
including
heating
and
cooling
operation,
floor
and
manure
temperatures,
inside
and
outside
air
temperatures
and
humidity,
wind
speed
and
direction,
and
solar
radiation
will
be
continuously
6
monitored.
Feed
and
water
consumption,
manure
production
and
removal,
swine
mortalities,
and
animal
production
will
also
be
monitored.
As
noted
above,
samples
of
feed,
water,
and
manure
will
be
collected
and
analyzed
for
total
nitrogen
and
total
sulfur.
These
data
will
enable
the
development
and
validation
of
process­
based
emission
models
in
the
future.

Table
1
identifies
those
types
of
farms
where
barn
measurements
will
be
taken
to
provide
the
needed
data
to
complete
the
objectives
of
this
study.
A
total
of
five
farms
will
be
selected
as
measurement
sites.
Two
farms
in
the
Southeast,
representing
the
sow
and
finishing
phases
of
production
with
lagoon
manure
treatment,
will
be
selected.
Two
farms
in
the
Midwest,
representing
a
finishing
farm
using
an
in­
ground
manure
storage
basin
and
a
sow
farm
with
a
deep
pit
gestation
barn,
will
be
selected.
Finally,
one
farm
in
the
West,
representing
a
sow
farm
with
lagoon
treatment,
will
be
selected.
On
each
of
the
farms,
four
barns
will
have
measurements
taken
simultaneously.
Where
applicable,
the
sow
farms
will
have
two
farrowing
rooms
and
two
gestation
barn
emissions
measured,
and
on
finishing
farms,
up
to
four
barns
will
have
emission
measurements.

Lagoons:
Micrometeorological
techniques
will
be
used
to
estimate
emissions
of
NH3,
H2S,
and
a
limited
number
of
VOCs
from
lagoons.
Fundamentally,
this
approach
will
use
optical
remote
sensing
(
ORS)
downwind
and
upwind
of
the
lagoon
coupled
with
3­
dimensional
(
3D)
wind
velocity
measurements
at
heights
of
2
and
12
m.
The
concentrations
of
NH3
and
the
various
hydrocarbons
will
be
made
using
open
path
Fourier
transform
infrared
spectroscopy
(
FTIR).
Measurements
of
H2S
(
and
NH3)
will
be
made
using
collocated
open
path
UV
differential
optical
absorption
spectroscopy
(
UV­
DOAS)
systems.
A
team
of
two
persons
with
two
scanning
FTIR
systems,
two
single­
path
UV­
DOAS
systems,
and
two
3D
sonics
with
supplementary
meteorological
instruments
will
move
sequentially
from
farm
to
farm.

Each
of
two
ORS
systems
will
be
oriented
parallel
to
the
storage
side
and
approximately
10
m
from
the
lagoon
edge.
Each
monostatic
FTIR
system
will
scan
five
retroreflectors;
three
mounted
at
1m
height
equally
dividing
the
length
of
the
open
path
along
the
lagoon
side
and
two
mounted
on
a
tower
at
heights
of
6
and
12
m
located
at
the
corners
down
the
adjacent
sides
of
the
lagoon,
resulting
in
scan
lines
down
each
of
the
four
sides
of
the
lagoon.
Two
bistatic
single­
path
UVDOAS
systems
will
be
located
at
a
nominal
2
m
height
within
2
m
laterally
of
the
FTIR
scan
lines
on
the
two
sides
of
the
lagoon
oriented
most
closely
with
prevailing
winds.

Emissions
will
be
determined
from
the
difference
in
upwind
and
downwind
concentration
measurements
using
two
different
methods­
an
Eulerian
Gaussian
approach
and
a
Lagrangian
Stochastic
approach.
The
Lagrangian
approach
is
based
on
an
inverse
dispersion
analysis
using
a
backward
Lagrangian
stochastic
method
(
bLS).
This
approach
will
be
used
to
estimate
NH3
emissions
from
concentration
measurements
made
using
the
FTIR
and
UV­
DOAS
systems
and
the
H2S
emissions
from
concentration
measurements
made
using
the
UV­
DOAS
systems.
The
emission
rate
for
NH3
will
be
the
ensemble
average
of
the
estimated
emissions
for
each
of
the
five
FTIR
scans
with
a
corresponding
error
of
the
emission
estimate.
The
Eulerian
approach
is
based
on
a
computed
tomography
(
CT)
method
using
Eulerian
Gaussian
statistics
and
a
fitted
wind
profile
from
the
two­
3D
sonics.
Measurements
of
air
and
lagoon
temperatures,
wind
speed
and
direction,
humidity,
atmospheric
pressure,
and
solar
radiation
will
be
also
be
conducted.

The
bLS
and
CT
emission
estimates
will
be
quality
assured
using
tests
of
instrument
response,
wind
direction
and
wind
speed,
stability,
turbulence
intensity,
differences
between
the
lagoon
and
the
surrounding
surface
temperatures,
differences
in
the
mean
and
turbulent
wind
components
with
height,
and
the
temporal
variability
in
emission.
Emission
estimates
using
the
CT
method
will
be
qualified
by
the
measured
fraction
of
the
estimated
plume.
7
To
estimate
VOC
emissions
from
lagoons,
samples
of
the
lagoon
liquid
will
be
collected
and
analyzed
for
VOCs,
and
the
EPA
model
WATER9
will
be
used
to
estimate
emissions
based
on
measured
VOC
concentrations,
pH,
and
other
factors.

QAQC:
Quality
assurance/
quality
control
(
QA/
QC)
processes
will
be
established
before
data
collection
commences.
The
QA/
QC
procedures
will
be
based
on
EPA
guidelines
and
will
include
the
use
of
properly
maintained
and
reliable
instrumentation,
ready
supply
of
spare
parts,
approved
analytical
methodologies
and
standard
operating
procedures,
external
validation
of
data,
welltrained
analysts,
field
blanks,
electrical
backups,
audits,
and
documentation.
Calibration
and
maintenance
logs
will
be
maintained
for
each
instrument.
8
2.
Air
Emission
Monitoring
Plan
for
Laying
Hens
Purpose:
The
purpose
of
this
research
project
is
to
provide
quality­
assured
air
emission
data
from
representative
laying
farms
in
the
U.
S.,
to
U.
S.
EPA,
in
the
effort
to
determine
which
farms
might
fall
under
regulatory
authority
as
defined
in
the
consent
agreement.
Following
sound
scientific
principles,
this
project
will
collect
new
data
and
aggregate
existing
emissions
data
from
previous
studies.
These
data
will
serve
as
the
beginning
of
a
database
to
which
new
data
can
be
added
as
emissions
and
against
which
control
technologies
can
be
compared.

Objectives:
New
data
will
be
collected
and
existing
data
will
be
aggregated
to
create
tools
(
i.
e.
look
up
tables,
charts,
or
models)
to
meet
the
following
objectives.

 
Determine
whether
individual
egg
laying
farms
are
likely
to
emit
particulate
matter
(
both
total
suspended
particulate
[
TSP],
particles
smaller
than
10
and
2.5
microns
[
PM10
&
PM2.5]),
and
volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOC)
in
excess
of
applicable
Clean
Air
Act
(
CAA)
thresholds.
Applicable
federal
emission
thresholds
for
attainment
areas
are
250
tons
per
year
for
TSP
and
100
tons
per
year
for
PM10
,
PM2.5,
and
VOC.
Some
State
Clean
Air
Act
thresholds
vary.
 
Determine
whether
individual
egg
laying
farms
are
likely
to
emit
ammonia
(
NH3)
and
hydrogen
sulfide
(
H2S)
in
excess
of
applicable
Comprehensive
Environmental
Response,
Compensation
and
Liability
Act
(
CERCLA)
and
Emergency
Planning
and
Community
Right­
to­
Know
Act
(
EPCRA)
reporting
requirements.
The
applicable
reporting
requirement
is
100
pounds
per
day
for
both
ammonia
and
hydrogen
sulfide.

Introduction:
Most
U.
S.
layer
housing
types
and
manure
management
schemes
fall
under
one
of
four
categories:
1)
high­
rise
houses
with
manure
stored
in
the
lower
level
and
removed
every
1
to
2
yrs;
2)
belt
houses
with
quasi­
continuous
manure
transfer
to
an
external
storage/
treatment
facility;
3)
shallow­
pit
houses
with
regular
manure
removal
by
scraping
and
temporary
storage
in
uncovered
piles;
and
4)
liquid­
manure
houses
with
manure
flushed
daily
into
a
lagoon.
The
locations
for
four
sites
with
specific
housing
types
were
recommended
for
this
study
with
consideration
of
these
four
housing
categories
along
with
the
potential
impact
of
climatic
differences
and
the
geographical
density
of
egg
production
(
Table
1).
Final
site
selections
will
also
depend
on
site­
specific
factors
including:
representativeness
of
facility
age,
size,
design
and
management,
and
flock
diet
and
genetics.
The
facility
should
be
reasonably
isolated
from
other
air
pollution
sources
and
have
potential
for
testing
mitigation
strategies.
Producers/
farm
managers
must
be
willing
to:
1)
attend
a
training
session
2)
make
changes
as
needed
to
accommodate
the
project
and
3)
maintain
and
share
certain
production
records
to
facilitate
data
analysis
and
interpretation.

Table
1.
Recommended
types
and
locations
of
laying
hen
houses
to
be
monitored
in
this
study.
Region/
Location
House
1
 
Type
House
2
 
Type
Midwest
High­
rise
with
inside
manure
storage
(
2)
Manure
belt
(
2)
with
manure
storage
West
Shallow
pit
with
open
manure
storage
Manure
belt
with
open
manure
storage
South
High­
rise
with
inside
manure
storage
High­
rise
with
inside
manure
storage
East
High­
rise
with
inside
manure
storage
Flushing
with
anaerobic
treatment
lagoon
9
Methods:
An
on­
farm
instrument
shelter
(
OFIS)
will
house
the
equipment
for
monitoring
pollutant
concentrations
at
representative
air
inlets
and
outlets
(
primarily
by
air
extraction
for
gases),
barn
and
manure
shed
airflows,
and
operational
processes
and
environmental
variables.
Sampling
will
be
conducted
for
24
months
with
data
logged
every
60
s.
Data
will
be
retrieved
with
network­
connected
PCs,
formatted,
validated,
and
delivered
to
EPA
for
subsequent
calculations
of
emission
factors.
A
multipoint
air
sampling
system
in
the
OFIS
will
draw
air
sequentially
from
representative
locations
(
including
outdoor
air)
at
the
hen
houses
and
manure
sheds
and
deliver
selected
streams
to
a
manifold
from
which
gas
analyzers
draw
their
samples.
Selected
pollutants
will
be
evaluated
as
follows:
 
Ammonia
will
be
measured
using
chemiluminescence
or
photoacoustic
infrared.
 
Hydrogen
sulfide
will
be
measured
with
pulsed
fluorescence.
 
Carbon
dioxide
will
be
measured
using
photoacoustic
infrared
or
equivalent.
 
TSP
will
be
measured
using
an
isokinetic
multipoint
gravimetric
method.
 
PM2.5
will
be
measured
gravimetrically
with
a
federal
reference
method
for
PM2.5
at
least
for
one
month
per
site.
It
will
be
shared
among
sites.
 
PM10
will
be
measured
in
real
time
using
the
tapered
element
oscillating
microbalance
(
TEOM)
at
representative
exhaust
locations
in
the
barn,
ambient
air,
and
at
manure
storage
exhaust
(
if
manure
is
disturbed).
 
An
initial
characterization
study
of
barn
volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOCs)
will
be
conducted
on
one
day
during
the
first
month
at
the
first
site
(
site
1).
While
total
nonmethane
hydrocarbons
(
NMHC)
are
continuously
monitored
using
a
dual­
channel
FID
analyzer
(
Method
25A)
along
with
building
airflow
rate,
VOCs
will
be
sampled
with
replication
at
two
barns
using
Silcosteel
canisters,
and
all­
glass
impingers
(
EPA
Method
26A).
Each
sample
will
be
evaluated
using
concurrent
gas
chromatography
 
mass
spectrometry
(
GC­
MS)
and
GC/
FID
for
TO
15
and
other
FID­
responding
compounds.
VOC
mass
will
be
calculated
as
the
sum
of
individual
analytes.
The
20
analytes
making
the
greatest
contribution
to
total
mass
will
be
identified
during
the
initial
characterization
study.
A
sampling
method
that
captures
a
significant
fraction
of
the
VOC
mass
will
be
chosen
for
the
remainder
of
the
study.
 
The
Method
26A
sampling
train
is
suitable
for
collecting
samples
for
analysis
of
formaldehyde
and
acetaldehyde
using
NCASI
94.02,
requiring
only
the
addition
of
spectrophotometry
for
the
detection
of
formaldehyde.
These
compounds
will
be
measured
during
the
initial
characterization
study
and,
if
not
found,
will
not
be
analyzed
during
subsequent
measurements.
 
Total
VOC
mass
may
be
estimated
(
scaled)
by
multiplying
the
total
carbon
as
determined
by
Method
25A
by
the
molecular
weight/
carbon
weight
ratio
derived
from
GC­
MS
or
GC­
FID
speciation.
This
should
account
for
the
VOCs
that
are
not
identified
by
GC
methods
due
either
to
sampling
bias
or
the
analytical
procedures
used,
although
some
error
is
anticipated
due
to
the
imprecise
response
of
the
Method
25A
FID
to
oxygenated
compounds.
Acceptance
of
a
scaling
factor
will
depend
on
whether
the
Method
25A
analyzer
response
is
reasonable
based
on
the
manufacturer's
stated
response
factors,
bench­
scale
verification,
or
judgmental
estimation
of
the
mass
of
unaccounted
for
VOCs.
 
By
the
middle
of
the
second
month,
the
Research
Leader
will
report
results
of
the
initial
VOC
characterization
to
EPA
with
recommendations
on
the
appropriateness
and
validity
of
the
selected
methodologies.
 
Quarterly
VOC
samples
using
the
selected
VOC
sampling
method
will
occur
at
all
sites,
along
with
continuous
Method
25A
monitoring
at
site
1
throughout
the
study.

 
Method
25A
measurements
will
be
corrected
from
an
"
as
carbon"
basis
to
a
VOC
mass
basis
by
multiplying
them
by
the
mean
molecular
weight
per
carbon
atom
established
by
GC­
MS
evaluations
during
applicable
intervals
of
time.
10
Mechanically
ventilated
barn
airflows
will
be
estimated
by
continuously
measuring
fan
operational
status
and
building
static
pressure
to
calculate
fan
airflow
from
field­
tested
fan
performance
curves
and
by
directly
measuring
selected
fan
airflows
using
anemometers.

Specific
processes
that
directly
or
indirectly
influence
air
emissions
will
be
measured
including
hen
activity,
feeding,
and
lighting.
Measured
environmental
parameters
include
cooling
system
status,
manure
temperatures,
inside
and
outside
air
temperatures
and
humidities,
wind
speed
and
direction,
and
solar
radiation.
Feed
and
water
consumption,
egg
production,
manure
production
and
removal,
and
bird
mortalities
will
also
be
monitored
with
producer
assistance.
Samples
of
feed,
eggs,
water,
and
manure
will
be
collected
and
analyzed
for
total
nitrogen
and
total
sulfur.
These
data
will
enable
the
development
and
validation
of
process­
based
emission
models
in
the
future.

Quality
assurance/
quality
control
(
QA/
QC)
processes
will
be
established
before
data
collection
commences.
The
QA/
QC
procedures
will
be
based
on
EPA
guidelines
and
will
include
the
use
of
properly
maintained
and
reliable
instrumentation,
ready
supply
of
spare
parts,
approved
analytical
methodologies
and
standard
operating
procedures,
external
validation
of
data,
well­
trained
analysts,
field
blanks,
electrical
backups,
audits,
and
documentation.
Instrument
calibration
and
maintenance
logs
will
be
maintained.
11
3.
Air
Emission
Monitoring
Plan
for
Meat
Birds
(
Broiler
Chickens
and
Turkeys)

Purpose:
The
purpose
of
this
research
project
is
to
provide
quality­
assured
air
emission
data
from
representative
broiler
chicken
and
turkey
farms
in
the
U.
S.,
to
U.
S.
EPA,
in
the
effort
to
determine
which
farms
might
fall
under
regulatory
authority
as
defined
in
the
consent
agreement.
Following
sound
scientific
principles,
this
project
will
collect
new
data
and
aggregate
existing
emissions
data
from
previous
studies.
These
data
will
serve
as
the
beginning
of
a
database
to
which
new
data
can
be
added
as
emissions
and
against
which
control
technologies
can
be
compared.

Objectives:
New
data
will
be
collected
and
existing
data
will
be
aggregated
to
create
tools
(
i.
e.
look
up
tables,
charts,
or
models)
to
meet
the
following
objectives.

 
Determine
whether
individual
broiler
chicken
and
turkey
farms
are
likely
to
emit
particulate
matter
(
both
total
suspended
particulate
[
TSP],
particles
smaller
than
10
and
2.5
microns
[
PM10
&
PM2.5]),
and
volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOC)
in
excess
of
applicable
Clean
Air
Act
(
CAA)
thresholds.
Applicable
federal
emission
thresholds
for
attainment
areas
are
250
tons
per
year
for
TSP
and
100
tons
per
year
for
PM10
,
PM2.5,
and
VOC.
Some
State
Clean
Air
Act
thresholds
vary.
 
Determine
whether
individual
broiler
and
turkey
farms
are
likely
to
emit
ammonia
(
NH3)
and
hydrogen
sulfide
(
H2S)
in
excess
of
applicable
Comprehensive
Environmental
Response,
Compensation
and
Liability
Act
(
CERCLA)
and
Emergency
Planning
and
Community
Right­
to­
Know
Act
(
EPCRA)
reporting
requirements.
The
applicable
reporting
requirement
is
100
pounds
per
day
for
both
ammonia
and
hydrogen
sulfide.

Introduction:
Meat
birds
include
broilers
and
turkeys
and
are
raised
in
confinement
barns
on
dirt
or
concrete
floors
covered
with
litter.
Broiler
barns
are
typically
mechanically
ventilated
(
MV)
and
turkey
barns
are
typically
naturally
ventilated
(
NV).
The
locations
for
three
sites
with
specific
housing
types
were
recommended
for
this
study
with
consideration
of
the
potential
impact
of
climatic
differences
and
the
geographical
density
of
poultry
meat
production
(
Table
1).
The
final
site
selections
will
depend
on
site­
specific
emission
generating
factors
including
representativeness
of
facility
age,
size,
design
and
management,
and
flock
diet
and
genetics.
The
facility
should
be
reasonably
isolated
from
other
air
pollution
sources
and
have
potential
for
testing
mitigation
strategies.
Producers/
farm
managers
must
be
willing
to:
1)
attend
a
training
session
2)
make
changes
as
needed
to
accommodate
the
project
and
3)
maintain
and
share
certain
production
records
to
facilitate
data
analysis
and
interpretation.

Table
1.
Recommended
types
and
locations
of
meat
bird
houses
to
be
monitored.
Region
Type
Ventilation
type
Manure
handling
Midwest
Turkey
Mechanical
Litter
on
floor
West
Coast
Broiler
Mechanical
Litter
on
floor
Southeast
Broiler
Mechanical
Litter
on
floor
Methods:
An
on­
farm
instrument
shelter
(
OFIS)
will
house
the
equipment
for
monitoring
pollutant
concentrations
at
representative
air
inlets
and
outlets
(
primarily
by
air
extraction
for
gases),
barn
airflows,
and
operational
processes
and
environmental
variables.
Sampling
will
be
conducted
for
24
months
with
data
logged
every
60
s.
Data
will
be
retrieved
with
networkconnected
PCs,
formatted,
validated,
and
delivered
to
EPA
for
subsequent
calculations
of
emission
factors.
A
multipoint
air
sampling
system
in
the
OFIS
will
draw
air
sequentially
from
representative
locations
(
including
outdoor
air)
at
the
barns
and
deliver
selected
streams
to
a
12
manifold
from
which
gas
analyzers
draw
their
sub
samples.
The
pollutants
targeted
for
measurement
will
be
evaluated
as
follows:
 
Ammonia
will
be
measured
using
chemiluminescence
or
photoacoustic
infrared.
 
Hydrogen
sulfide
will
be
measured
with
pulsed
fluorescence.
 
Carbon
dioxide
will
be
measured
using
photoacoustic
infrared
or
equivalent.
 
TSP
will
be
measured
using
an
isokinetic
multipoint
gravimetric
method.
 
PM2.5
will
be
measured
gravimetrically
with
a
federal
reference
method
for
PM2.5
at
least
for
one
month
per
site.
It
will
be
shared
among
sites.
 
PM10
will
be
measured
in
real
time
using
the
tapered
element
oscillating
microbalance
(
TEOM)
at
representative
exhaust
locations
in
the
barn,
and
ambient
air.
 
An
initial
characterization
study
of
barn
volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOCs)
will
be
conducted
on
one
day
during
the
first
month
at
the
first
site
(
site
1).
While
total
nonmethane
hydrocarbons
(
NMHC)
are
continuously
monitored
using
a
dual­
channel
FID
analyzer
(
Method
25A)
along
with
building
airflow
rate,
VOCs
will
be
sampled
with
replication
at
two
barns
using
Silcosteel
canisters,
and
all­
glass
impingers
(
EPA
Method
26A).
Each
sample
will
be
evaluated
using
concurrent
gas
chromatography
 
mass
spectrometry
(
GC­
MS)
and
GC/
FID
for
TO
15
and
other
FID­
responding
compounds.
VOC
mass
will
be
calculated
as
the
sum
of
individual
analytes.
The
20
analytes
making
the
greatest
contribution
to
total
mass
will
be
identified
during
the
initial
characterization
study.
A
sampling
method
that
captures
a
significant
fraction
of
the
VOC
mass
will
be
chosen
for
the
remainder
of
the
study.
 
The
Method
26A
sampling
train
is
suitable
for
collecting
samples
for
analysis
of
formaldehyde
and
acetaldehyde
using
NCASI
94.02,
requiring
only
the
addition
of
spectrophotometry
for
the
detection
of
formaldehyde.
These
compounds
will
be
measured
during
the
initial
characterization
study
and,
if
not
found,
will
not
be
analyzed
during
subsequent
measurements.
 
Total
VOC
mass
may
be
estimated
(
scaled)
by
multiplying
the
total
carbon
as
determined
by
Method
25A
by
the
molecular
weight/
carbon
weight
ratio
derived
from
GC­
MS
or
GC­
FID
speciation.
This
should
account
for
the
VOCs
that
are
not
identified
by
GC
methods
due
either
to
sampling
bias
or
the
analytical
procedures
used,
although
some
error
is
anticipated
due
to
the
imprecise
response
of
the
Method
25A
FID
to
oxygenated
compounds.
Acceptance
of
a
scaling
factor
will
depend
on
whether
the
Method
25A
analyzer
response
is
reasonable
based
on
the
manufacturer's
stated
response
factors,
bench­
scale
verification,
or
judgmental
estimation
of
the
mass
of
unaccounted
for
VOCs.
 
By
the
middle
of
the
second
month,
the
Research
Leader
will
report
results
of
the
initial
VOC
characterization
to
EPA
with
recommendations
on
the
appropriateness
and
validity
of
the
selected
methodologies.
 
Quarterly
VOC
samples
using
the
selected
VOC
sampling
method
will
occur
at
all
sites,
along
with
continuous
Method
25A
monitoring
at
site
1
throughout
the
study.

 
Method
25A
measurements
will
be
corrected
from
an
"
as
carbon"
basis
to
a
total
VOC
mass
basis
by
multiplying
them
by
the
mean
molecular
weight
per
carbon
atom
established
by
GC­
MS
evaluations
during
applicable
intervals
of
time.

Mechanically
ventilated
barn
airflows
will
be
estimated
by
continuously
measuring
fan
operational
status
and
building
static
pressure
to
calculate
fan
airflow
from
field­
tested
fan
performance
curves
and
by
directly
measuring
selected
fan
airflows
using
anemometers.

Specific
processes
that
directly
or
indirectly
influence
barn
emissions
will
be
measured
including
bird
activity,
manure
handling,
feeding,
and
lighting.
Measured
environmental
parameters
include
heating
and
cooling
operation,
floor
and
manure
temperatures,
inside
and
outside
air
temperatures
13
and
humidity,
wind
speed
and
direction,
and
solar
radiation.
Feed
and
water
consumption,
manure
production
and
removal,
bird
mortalities
and
bird
production
will
also
be
monitored
with
producer
assistance.
Samples
of
feed,
water,
and
manure
will
be
collected
and
analyzed
for
total
nitrogen
and
total
sulfur.
These
data
will
enable
the
development
and
validation
of
process­
based
emission
models
in
the
future.

Quality
assurance/
quality
control
(
QA/
QC)
processes
will
be
established
before
data
collection
commences.
The
QA/
QC
procedures
will
be
based
on
EPA
guidelines
and
will
include
the
use
of
properly
maintained
and
reliable
instrumentation,
ready
supply
of
spare
parts,
approved
analytical
methodologies
and
standard
operating
procedures,
external
validation
of
data,
well­
trained
analysts,
field
blanks,
electrical
backups,
audits,
and
documentation.
Instrument
calibration
and
maintenance
logs
will
be
maintained.

Open
Manure
Piles:
Micrometeorological
techniques
will
be
used
to
estimate
emissions
of
NH3,
H2S,
and
a
limited
number
of
VOCs
from
open
manure
piles.
Fundamentally,
this
approach
will
use
optical
remote
sensing
(
ORS)
downwind
and
upwind
of
the
source
coupled
with
3­
dimensional
(
3D)
wind
velocity
measurements
at
heights
of
2
and
12
m.
The
concentrations
of
NH3
and
the
various
hydrocarbons
will
be
made
using
open
path
Fourier
transform
infrared
spectroscopy
(
FTIR).
Measurements
of
H2S
(
and
NH3)
will
be
made
using
collocated
open
path
UV
differential
optical
absorption
spectroscopy
(
UV­
DOAS)
systems.
A
team
of
two
persons
with
two
scanning
FTIR
systems,
two
single­
path
UV­
DOAS
systems,
and
two
3D
sonics
with
supplementary
meteorological
instruments
will
move
sequentially
from
farm
to
farm.

Each
of
two
ORS
systems
will
be
oriented
parallel
to
the
storage
side
and
approximately
10
m
from
the
storage
edge.
Each
monostatic
FTIR
system
will
scan
five
retroreflectors;
three
mounted
at
1m
height
equally
dividing
the
length
of
the
open
path
along
the
storage
side
and
two
mounted
on
a
tower
at
heights
of
6
and
12
m
located
at
the
corners
down
the
adjacent
sides
of
the
source,
resulting
in
scan
lines
down
each
of
the
four
sides
of
the
storage.
Two
bistatic
single­
path
UVDOAS
systems
will
be
located
at
a
nominal
2
m
height
within
2
m
laterally
of
the
FTIR
scan
lines
on
the
two
sides
of
the
manure
storage
area
oriented
most
closely
with
prevailing
winds.

Emissions
will
be
determined
from
the
difference
in
upwind
and
downwind
concentration
measurements
using
two
different
methods­
an
Eulerian
Gaussian
approach
and
a
Lagrangian
Stochastic
approach.
The
Lagrangian
approach
is
based
on
an
inverse
dispersion
analysis
using
a
backward
Lagrangian
stochastic
method
(
bLS).
This
approach
will
be
used
to
estimate
NH3
emissions
from
concentration
measurements
made
using
the
FTIR
and
UV­
DOAS
systems
and
the
H2S
emissions
from
concentration
measurements
made
using
the
UV­
DOAS
systems.
The
emission
rate
for
NH3
will
be
the
ensemble
average
of
the
estimated
emissions
for
each
of
the
five
FTIR
scans
with
a
corresponding
error
of
the
emission
estimate.
The
Eulerian
approach
is
based
on
a
computed
tomography
(
CT)
method
using
Eulerian
Gaussian
statistics
and
a
fitted
wind
profile
from
the
two­
3D
sonics.
Measurements
of
air
and
storage
temperatures,
wind
speed
and
direction,
humidity,
atmospheric
pressure,
and
solar
radiation
will
be
also
be
conducted.

The
bLS
and
CT
emission
estimates
will
be
quality
assured
using
tests
of
instrument
response,
wind
direction
and
wind
speed,
stability,
turbulence
intensity,
differences
between
the
storage
and
the
surrounding
surface
temperatures,
differences
in
the
mean
and
turbulent
wind
components
with
height,
and
the
temporal
variability
in
emission.
Emission
estimates
using
the
CT
method
will
be
qualified
by
the
measured
fraction
of
the
estimated
plume.
14
4.
Air
Emissions
Research
Plan
for
Dairy
Purpose:
The
purpose
of
this
research
project
is
to
provide
quality­
assured
air
emission
data
from
representative
dairy
farms
in
the
U.
S.,
to
U.
S.
EPA,
in
the
effort
to
determine
which
farms
might
fall
under
regulatory
authority.
Following
sound
scientific
principles,
this
project
will
collect
new
data
and
aggregate
existing
emissions
data
from
previous
studies.
These
data
will
serve
as
the
beginning
of
a
database
to
which
new
data
can
be
added
as
emissions
and
against
which
control
technologies
can
be
compared.

Objectives:
New
data
will
be
collected
to
create
tools
(
i.
e.
look
up
tables,
charts,
or
models)
to
meet
the
following
objectives.

 
Determine
whether
individual
dairy
farms
are
likely
to
emit
particulate
matter
(
both
total
suspended
particulate
[
TSP],
particles
smaller
than
10
and
2.5
microns
[
PM10
&
PM2.5]),
and
volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOC)
in
excess
of
applicable
Clean
Air
Act
(
CAA)
thresholds.
 
Determine
whether
individual
dairy
farms
are
likely
to
emit
ammonia
(
NH3)
and
hydrogen
sulfide
(
H2S)
in
excess
of
applicable
Comprehensive
Environmental
Response,
Compensation
and
Liability
Act
(
CERCLA)
and
Emergency
Planning
and
Community
Right­
to­
Know
Act
(
EPCRA)
reporting
requirements.

Introduction:
Dairy
operations
are
naturally
ventilated
buildings
with
different
manure
handling
systems.
Measurement
of
the
emission
from
these
operations
is
to
be
conducted
with
a
series
of
measurement
systems
that
provide
a
concentration
measurement
along
a
path
that
would
be
representative
of
the
emission
plume
from
the
building.
In
order
to
estimate
the
emission
rate
it
is
necessary
to
couple
the
concentration
with
a
measurement
of
the
wind
flow
through
the
building
or
facility.

Manure
storage
sites
could
be
either
liquid
(
lagoons
or
slurry
store)
or
piles
of
solid
materials.
These
sites
represent
a
different
source
area
for
emissions
than
buildings
and
will
have
to
be
considered
separately
in
the
measurement
scheme.

The
protocols
that
are
developed
for
these
studies
are
based
on
the
following
assumptions.

1.
The
buildings
are
naturally
ventilated
and
require
a
measurement
method
that
captures
the
entire
plume
leaving
the
building.
Mechanically
ventilated
facilities
are
beginning
to
enter
the
industry.
2.
Manure
storage
is
separate
from
the
building
and
will
have
to
be
measured
as
a
distinct
entity
as
part
of
the
farm
emission
factor.
3.
The
primary
emission
sources
are
the
housing
and
feeding
areas
and
manure
storage.
4.
There
is
a
large
diversity
among
dairy
operations
across
the
United
States
and
although
there
are
similar
characteristics
in
general
structure,
the
difference
in
building
design,
management,
and
climate
require
measurements
of
facilities
that
represent
these
factors.
15
5.
Measurements
will
be
conducted
at
facilities
which
represent
a
diversity
of
systems
in
three
general
areas;
California
and
southern
US,
Northeast
US,
and
Upper
Midwest.

Milk
production
facilities
include
cattle
(
dry
cows,
lactating
cows,
and
replacement
heifers)
and
calves.
The
partially
open
barns
range
from
those
with
windows
and
flaps
to
fully
open
free
stalls.
The
buildings
are
most
typically
naturally
ventilated
except
for
some
mechanically­
ventilated
freestall
and
tie
stall
houses.
The
naturally
ventilated
barns
range
from
partially
open
barns
with
windows
and
flaps
to
fully­
open
free
stalls.
External
manure
storages
generally
consist
of
either
earthen
basins
that
store
undiluted
manure
collected
from
the
barn,
or
anaerobic
treatment
lagoons
that
treat
manure
that
is
diluted
by
a
factor
of
about
5:
1.
Manure
collection
systems
generally
are
either
scrape
or
flush.
Four
dairy
sites
that
consider
climate,
and
types
of
ventilation,
manure
collection,
and
manure
storage
have
been
identified
by
the
dairy
industry
for
collecting
the
comprehensive
air
emission
data
required
by
this
study
(
Table
1).
Final
site
selections
will
also
depend
on
site­
specific
factors
including:
representativeness
of
facility
age,
size,
design
and
management,
and
cow
diet
and
genetics.
The
facility
should
be
isolated
from
other
potential
air
pollution
sources
and
have
potential
for
testing
mitigation
strategies.
Producers
should
be
willing
to
make
changes
and
keep
extra
records
to
facilitate
a
quality
study.

Table
1.
Recommended
types
and
locations
of
dairy
facilities
to
be
monitored
in
this
study.
Region
Site
type
Ventilation
Manure
collection
Manure
storage
Midwest
Freestall
Natural
Flush
Lagoon
Northea
st
Freestall
Natural
Scrape
Basin
West
Open*
freestall
Natural
Flush
Lagoon
South
Open
freestall
Natural
Scrape
Basin
*
Cattle
are
free
to
walk
outside
in
open
freestall
barns.

Methods:

Naturally
Ventilated
Buildings
To
achieve
the
most
representative
measurements
of
the
emissions
of
the
gases,
it
is
recommended
that
a
FTIR
system
be
used
to
quantify
the
concentration
of
NH3,
CO2,
and,
at
levels
above
50
ppb,
H2S
in
various
paths
through
the
atmosphere.
A
variation
of
the
horizontal
gradient
method
called
radial
plume
mapping
utilizing
multiple
paths
through
the
airflow
from
the
building
measures
the
concentrations.
The
FTIR
method
is
selected
because
of
the
extreme
turbulence
adjacent
to
the
building
and
the
lack
of
a
defined
plume
in
this
area
of
the
facility.
A
scanning
system
rotates
among
the
paths
to
provide
a
serial
measurement
of
the
paths
utilizing
horizontally
and
vertically
located
retro­
reflectors.
A
computer
calculates
the
concentration
gradients
in
real­
time.
FTIR
16
measurements
would
be
coupled
to
two
sonic
anemometers
positioned
at
two
locations
along
the
length
of
the
building.
This
will
provide
the
wind
flow
measurements
needed
to
estimate
the
flux
from
the
measured
concentrations.

Particulate
load
would
be
sampled
using
a
series
of
particle
samplers
located
with
a
sampling
height
of
5
m
adjacent
to
one
of
the
sonic
anemometer
towers.
These
units
would
be
designed
to
collect
2.5
µ
m,
10
µ
m
and
TSP
values
Volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOCs)
would
be
sampled
at
the
same
position
as
the
particulate
samples
for
the
building
emissions.
VOC
emissions
from
the
manure
storage
would
be
sampled
with
a
system
located
both
upwind
and
downwind
of
the
manure
storage
system
(
see
page
17).
These
units
would
be
positioned
at
heights
of
2
and
12m.

Mechanically
Ventilated
Buildings
Mechanically
ventilated
buildings
have
begun
to
be
used
in
the
dairy
industry.
If
warranted
by
current
or
future
use,
a
mechanically
ventilated
facility
will
be
included
in
this
project.
An
on­
site
instrument
shelter
(
OSIS)
will
house
the
equipment
for
monitoring
pollutant
concentrations
at
representative
air
inlets
and
outlets
(
primarily
by
air
extraction),
barn
airflows,
and
operational
processes
and
environmental
variables.
Sampling
will
be
conducted
for
24
months
with
data
logged
every
60
s.
Data
will
be
retrieved
with
network­
connected
PCs,
formatted,
validated,
and
delivered
to
EPA
as
hourly
averages
for
subsequent
calculations
of
emission
factors.
A
multipoint
air
sampling
system
in
the
OSIS
will
draw
air
sequentially
from
representative
locations
(
including
ambient)
at
the
barns
and
deliver
selected
streams
to
a
manifold
from
which
on­
line
gas
monitors
draw
their
sub
samples.
The
pollutants
targeted
for
measurement
will
be
evaluated
as
follows:
 
Ammonia
will
be
measured
using
chemiluminescence
or
photoacoustic
infrared.
 
Hydrogen
sulfide
will
be
measured
with
pulsed
fluorescence.
 
Carbon
dioxide
will
be
measured
using
photoacoustic
infrared.
 
TSP
will
be
measured
using
an
isokinetic
multipoint
gravimetric
method.
 
PM2.5
will
be
measured
gravimetrically
with
a
federal
reference
method
for
PM2.5
at
least
for
one
month
per
site.
It
will
be
shared
among
sites.
 
PM10
concentrations
will
be
measured
in
real
time
using
the
tapered
element
oscillating
microbalance
(
TEOM)
at
representative
exhaust
locations
in
the
barn
and
ambient
air.
 
An
initial
characterization
study
of
barn
volatile
organic
compounds
(
VOCs)
will
be
conducted
on
one
day
during
the
first
month
at
the
first
site
(
site
1).
While
total
nonmethane
hydrocarbons
(
NMHC)
are
continuously
monitored
using
a
dual­
channel
FID
analyzer
(
Method
25A)
along
with
building
airflow
rate,
VOCs
will
be
sampled
with
replication
at
two
barns
using
Silcosteel
canisters,
and
all­
glass
impingers
(
EPA
Method
26A).
Each
sample
will
be
evaluated
using
concurrent
gas
chromatography
 
mass
spectrometry
(
GC­
MS)
and
GC/
FID
for
TO
15
and
other
FID­
responding
compounds.
VOC
mass
will
be
calculated
as
the
sum
of
individual
analytes.
The
20
analytes
making
the
greatest
contribution
to
total
mass
will
be
identified
during
the
initial
characterization
study.
A
sampling
method
that
captures
a
significant
fraction
of
the
VOC
mass
will
be
chosen
for
the
remainder
of
the
study.
 
The
Method
26A
sampling
train
is
suitable
for
collecting
samples
for
analysis
of
formaldehyde
and
acetaldehyde
using
NCASI
94.02,
requiring
only
the
addition
of
17
spectrophotometry
for
the
detection
of
formaldehyde.
These
compounds
will
be
measured
during
the
initial
characterization
study
and,
if
not
found,
will
not
be
analyzed
during
subsequent
measurements.
 
Total
VOC
mass
may
be
estimated
(
scaled)
by
multiplying
the
total
carbon
as
determined
by
Method
25A
by
the
molecular
weight/
carbon
weight
ratio
derived
from
GC­
MS
or
GC­
FID
speciation.
This
should
account
for
the
VOCs
that
are
not
identified
by
GC
methods
due
either
to
sampling
bias
or
the
analytical
procedures
used,
although
some
error
is
anticipated
due
to
the
imprecise
response
of
the
Method
25A
FID
to
oxygenated
compounds.
Acceptance
of
a
scaling
factor
will
depend
on
whether
the
Method
25A
analyzer
response
is
reasonable
based
on
the
manufacturer's
stated
response
factors,
bench­
scale
verification,
or
judgmental
estimation
of
the
mass
of
unaccounted
for
VOCs.
 
By
the
middle
of
the
second
month,
the
Research
Leader
will
report
results
of
the
initial
VOC
characterization
to
EPA
with
recommendations
on
the
appropriateness
and
validity
of
the
selected
methodologies.
 
Quarterly
VOC
samples
using
the
selected
VOC
sampling
method
will
occur
at
all
sites,
along
with
continuous
Method
25A
monitoring
at
site
1
throughout
the
study.

 
Method
25A
measurements
will
be
corrected
from
an
"
as
carbon"
basis
to
a
total
VOC
mass
basis
by
multiplying
them
by
the
mean
molecular
weight
per
carbon
atom
established
by
GC­
MS
evaluations
during
applicable
intervals
of
time.

Manure
Storage
Systems
Micrometeorological
techniques
will
be
used
to
estimate
emissions
of
NH3,
H2S,
and
a
limited
number
of
VOCs
from
manure
storage
systems
and
storages.
Fundamentally,
this
approach
will
use
optical
remote
sensing
(
ORS)
downwind
and
upwind
of
the
storage
coupled
with
3­
dimensional
(
3D)
wind
velocity
measurements
at
heights
of
2
and
12
m.
The
concentrations
of
NH3
and
the
various
hydrocarbons
will
be
made
using
open
path
Fourier
transform
infrared
spectroscopy
(
FTIR).
Measurements
of
H2S
(
and
NH3)
will
be
made
using
collocated
open
path
UV
differential
optical
absorption
spectroscopy
(
UV­
DOAS)
systems.
A
team
of
two
persons
with
two
scanning
FTIR
systems,
two
single­
path
UV­
DOAS
systems,
and
two
3D
sonics
with
supplementary
meteorological
instruments
will
move
sequentially
from
farm
to
farm.

Each
of
two
ORS
systems
will
be
oriented
parallel
to
the
storage
side
and
approximately
10
m
from
the
storage
edge.
Each
monostatic
FTIR
system
will
scan
five
retroreflectors;
three
mounted
at
1m
height
equally
dividing
the
length
of
the
open
path
along
the
storage
side
and
two
mounted
on
a
tower
at
heights
of
6
and
12
m
located
at
the
corners
down
the
adjacent
sides
of
the
storage,
resulting
in
scan
lines
down
each
of
the
four
sides
of
the
storage.
Two
bistatic
single­
path
UVDOAS
systems
will
be
located
at
a
nominal
2
m
height
within
2
m
laterally
of
the
FTIR
scan
lines
on
the
two
sides
of
the
storage
oriented
most
closely
with
prevailing
winds.

Emissions
will
be
determined
from
the
difference
in
upwind
and
downwind
concentration
measurements
using
two
different
methods­
an
Eulerian
Gaussian
approach
and
a
Lagrangian
Stochastic
approach.
The
Lagrangian
approach
is
based
on
an
inverse
dispersion
analysis
using
a
backward
Lagrangian
stochastic
method
(
bLS).
This
approach
will
be
used
to
estimate
NH3
emissions
from
concentration
measurements
made
using
the
FTIR
and
UV­
DOAS
systems
and
the
H2S
emissions
from
concentration
measurements
made
using
the
UV­
DOAS
systems.
The
emission
rate
for
NH3
will
be
the
ensemble
average
of
the
estimated
emissions
for
each
of
the
five
FTIR
scans
with
a
corresponding
error
of
the
emission
estimate.
The
Eulerian
approach
is
based
on
a
computed
tomography
(
CT)
method
using
Eulerian
Gaussian
statistics
and
a
fitted
18
wind
profile
from
the
two­
3D
sonics.
Measurements
of
air
and
storage
temperatures,
wind
speed
and
direction,
humidity,
atmospheric
pressure,
and
solar
radiation
will
be
also
be
conducted.

The
bLS
and
CT
emission
estimates
will
be
quality
assured
using
tests
of
instrument
response,
wind
direction
and
wind
speed,
stability,
turbulence
intensity,
differences
between
the
storage
and
the
surrounding
surface
temperatures,
differences
in
the
mean
and
turbulent
wind
components
with
height,
and
the
temporal
variability
in
emission.
Emission
estimates
using
the
CT
method
will
be
qualified
by
the
measured
fraction
of
the
estimated
plume.

To
estimate
VOC
emissions
from
lagoons,
samples
of
the
lagoon
liquid
will
be
collected
and
analyzed
for
VOCs,
and
the
EPA
model
WATER9
will
be
used
to
estimate
emissions
based
on
measured
VOC
concentrations,
pH,
and
other
factors.

Alternate
Techniques:

1.
For
the
circuit
rider
system,
an
instrumental
system
such
as
the
DustTrak
by
TSI
could
be
used
for
continuous
particle
data
for
PM2.5
and
PM10.
These
systems
provide
optical
light
scattering
measurements
of
the
concentration
in
mg/
m3
and
cost
about
$
5000
per
point
including
an
environmental
shelter.

2.
A
radial
plume
mapping
approach
could
be
applied
to
the
manure
storage
systems
using
a
TDL
system
that
has
been
approved
by
EPA
for
use
in
the
aluminum
industry
in
a
single
path
mode.
1
upwind
and
3
downwind
paths
provide
the
same
type
of
data
as
the
FTIR
except
for
a
single
compound.
The
single
laser
is
scanned
via
fiberoptic
cables
to
the
individual
paths
with
a
complete
scan
taking
40
seconds.
It
provides
a
fast,
direct
measurement
of
the
flux
of
ammonia
from
these
manure
systems.
A
single
4­
channel
system
costs
$
68,000.

3.
It
is
recommended
that
one
short­
term
(
2­
week)
measurement
of
each
facility
be
made
with
a
LIDAR
system
to
measure
and
quantify
the
plume
dynamics
of
particles,
water
vapor,
and
ammonia
surrounding
the
facility.
This
recommendation
is
made
because
the
short­
term
measurements
will
be
made
at
different
times
throughout
the
year
and
will
be
placed
at
a
series
of
heights
based
on
experience.
These
associated
data
of
the
plume
structure
will
provide
evidence
of
representativeness
of
the
micrometeorological
measurements
for
the
emission
rates.

4.
It
is
recommended
that
each
building
site
be
instrumented
with
temperature
and
associated
sensors
to
provide
a
continuous
measurement
record
of
the
microclimate
within
and
adjacent
to
the
building.
These
systems
can
be
linked
with
sensors
to
measure
and
record
animal
activity
and
floor
temperature.
A
similar
system
would
be
located
to
measure
the
microclimate
of
the
manure
storage
system
and
would
include
air
temperature,
wind
speed,
wind
direction,
surface
temperature,
and
relative
humidity
of
the
manure
storage
system.
The
continuous
record
from
these
manure
storage
units
and
buildings
would
provide
a
reference
for
the
short­
term
measurements
made
with
the
FTIR
systems.
19
APPENDIX
Typical
factors
in
determining
farm
selection
Farm
Characteristics
1
Did
the
producer
sign
up
to
the
consent
agreement
and
pay
EPA?

2
Does
the
producer's
farm
fit
the
description
of
any
of
the
farms
listed
in
table
4
or
5
of
the
plan?

3
Is
there
a
P.
I.
Within
three
hours
of
the
site?

4
Are
there
housing
accommodations
available
within
one
hour
of
the
site?

5
Does
your
site
have
mechanical
or
natural
ventilation
for
barns?
Do
the
fans
blow
out
directly
over
the
lagoon/
manure
storage
area?

6
Is
the
producer/
farm
manager
cooperative
to
attend
a
training
session
and
provide
needed
production
information?

7
Is
there
internet
access
at
the
farm?
Is
220
V
power
available?

8
What
is
the
general
topography
on
the
farm?
Describe
the
surrounding
terrain
(
rolling
hills,
flat,
low
lying,
river
bottom,
etc..)
specifically
for
areas
near
the
barns
and
the
manure
storage/
treatment
system.

9
Is
the
farm
free
from
large
disturbances
such
as
trees
and
other
buildings?

10
What
is
the
distance
from
a
public
road?
Is
it
gravel?

11
Are
there
other
potential
air
pollutant
sources
nearby?
Explain
type
(
other
farms,
industrial
site,
grain
elevator/
feedmill),
distance
and
direction.

12
Are
there
other
animal
species
housed
on
the
site,
or
planned
for
housing
on
site?

13
How
many
barns
are
located
on
the
site?
How
many
animals
in
each
barn?
Please
characterize
the
barns
14
How
far
are
the
land
application
fields
from
the
lagoons
and
barns?

15
How
often
is
manure
removed
from
the
manure
treatment/
storage
system
and
land
applied?

16
How
often
is
manure
removed
from
the
buildings
and
sent
to
the
outdoor
treatment/
storage
system?

17
Describe
(
in
general
terms)
the
rations
fed
to
the
animals.
20
18
Are
the
animals
hand­
fed
or
is
feed
delivered
through
an
automatic
delivery
system?

19
Is
fat
(
vegetable
or
animal)
added
to
the
rations?

20
Are
feed
rations
pelleted
or
ground?

Production
phase
Rate
your
barn
cleanliness:
1­
5
(
1
being
the
cleanest)
Age
of
barns
Air
exchange
rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Influences
on
emissions
Producer
Collected
Provided
By
study
Climate
air
temperature
X
manure
temperature
X
barn
temperature
X
wind
speed
X
solar
radiation
X
rainfall
X
relative
humidity
X
wind
direction
X
Feed
conversion/
efficiency
X
feed
analysis
(
N
&
P
&
S)
X
phases
X
feeding
to
recommendations
X
Manure
production
volume
X
management
cycle
X
storage
duration
X
Stocking
density
(
actual)
X
Lagoon
design
X
X
Swine
genetics
X
Animal
inventory
X
feed
usage
X
water
usage
X
closeouts
X
feed
analysis
X
water
analysis
X
manure
analysis
X
animal/
barn
activity
X
