i
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Chapter
Page
Abbreviations
and
Acronyms
.......................................................................................
vi
1.0
Introduction......................................................................................................
1­
1
1.1
Background
.........................................................................................
1­
1
1.2
Correspondence
with
States
and
Tribes
................................................
1­
2
2.0
EPA
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Designations
.........................................................
2­
1
2.1
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Designations
by
State
........................................
2­
1
2.2
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Designations
by
EPA
Region    
.............
2­
13
3.0
Urban
Excess
Methodology..............................................................................
3­
1
3.1
Concept
................................................................................................
3­
1
3.2
Derivation
of
Urban
Excess
..................................................................
3­
6
4.0
Constructing
the
Weighted
Emissions
Score.....................................................
4­
1
4.1
Basis
and
Assumptions
.........................................................................
4­
1
4.2
Calculating
the
Weighted
Emission
Scores
...........................................
4­
2
4.3
Comparing
Weighted
Emissions
Scores
Among
Counties.....................
4­
3
5.0
An
Explanation
of
EPA's
Nine­
Factor
Analysis
...............................................
5­
1
5.1
Factor
1:
Emissions
in
Areas
Potentially
Included
Versus
Excluded
from
the
Nonattainment
Area
................................................
5­
1
5.2
Factor
2:
Air
Quality
in
Potentially
Included
Versus
Excluded
Areas
....................................................................................................
5­
1
5.3
Factor
3:
Population
Density
and
Degree
of
Urbanization
Including
Commercial
Development
in
Included
Versus
Excluded
Areas
.............
5­
2
5.4
Factor
4:
Traffic
and
Commuting
Patterns.............................................
5­
2
5.5
Factor
5:
Expected
Growth
...................................................................
5­
2
5.6
Factor
6:
Meteorology...........................................................................
5­
2
5.7
Factor
7:
Geography/
Topography
.........................................................
5­
2
5.8
Factor
8:
Jurisdictional
Boundaries
.......................................................
5­
3
5.9
Factor
9:
Level
of
Control
of
Emission
Sources
....................................
5­
3
ii
6.0
Nine
Factor
Analyses
of
Individual
Nonattainment
Areas.................................
6­
1
6.1
Region
1
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................
6­
1
6.1.1
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Southern
New
England
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.....................................
6­
1
6.2
Region
2
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................
6­
16
6.2.1
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
New
Jersey
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas........................................................................
6­
16
6.2.2
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
New
York
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas........................................................................
6­
23
6.3
Region
3
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................
6­
37
6.3.1
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Delaware
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas........................................................................
6­
37
6.3.2
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
the
District
of
Columbia
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas
............................................................
6­
42
6.3.3
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Maryland
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas........................................................................
6­
44
6.3.3.1
Philadelphia
Area
....................................................................
6­
45
6.3.3.2
Baltimore
Area........................................................................
6­
50
6.3.3.3
Washington
DC
Area
..............................................................
6­
53
6.3.3.4
Hagerstown­
Martinsburg.........................................................
6­
62
6.3.4
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Pennsylvania
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas........................................................................
6­
63
6.3.4.1
Harrisburg
Area.......................................................................
6­
64
6.3.4.2
Johnstown
Area.......................................................................
6­
69
6.3.4.3
Lancaster
Area
........................................................................
6­
75
6.3.4.4
New
York
Area
.......................................................................
6­
76
6.3.4.5
Philadelphia
Area
....................................................................
6­
76
6.3.4.6
Pittsburgh
Area
.......................................................................
6­
82
6.3.4.7
Reading
Area
..........................................................................
6­
92
6.3.4.8
York
Area
...............................................................................
6­
95
6.3.4.9
Youngstown............................................................................
6­
96
6.3.5
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Virginia
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
100
6.3.5.1
Washington
DC
Area
...............................................................
6­
101
6.3.6
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
West
Virginia
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas........................................................................
6­
110
6.3.6.1
Charleston
Area........................................................................
6­
111
6.3.6.2
Huntington
Ashland
(
KY­
WV­
OH)
Area
.................................
6­
118
6.3.6.3
Marion
Area
(
Fairmont
CSA)
...................................................
6­
122
6.3.6.4
Parkersburg
Area......................................................................
6­
126
6.3.6.5
Steubenville
OH­
WV
Area.......................................................
6­
130
6.3.6.6
Hagerstown­
Martinsville
Area..................................................
6­
132
6.3.6.7
Wheeling,
WV­
OH
Area
..........................................................
6­
133
6.4
Region
4
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................
6­
137
iii
6.4.1
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Alabama
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
137
6.4.1.1
Birmingham
Area
MSA...........................................................
6­
137
6.4.1.2
Columbus
Area
MSA..............................................................
6­
144
6.4.1.3
Chattanooga
Area....................................................................
6­
149
6.4.1.4
DeKalb
and
Etowah
Counties..................................................
6­
156
6.4.2
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Georgia
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
156
6.4.2.1
Atlanta
Area
MSA...................................................................
6­
156
6.4.2.2
Macon
Area
MSA
...................................................................
6­
169
6.4.2.3
Athens
Area
MSA...................................................................
6­
173
6.4.2.4
Chattanooga
Area....................................................................
6­
178
6.4.2.5
Columbus
Area
MSA..............................................................
6­
183
6.4.2.6
Augusta
Area
..........................................................................
6­
189
6.4.3
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Kentucky
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
189
6.4.3.1
Cincinnati­
Hamilton
Area
.......................................................
6­
189
6.4.3.2
Louisville
Area........................................................................
6­
197
6.4.3.3
Lexington
Area
.......................................................................
6­
202
6.4.3.4
Huntington­
Ashland
Area........................................................
6­
211
6.4.3.5
Boyd
County
Area
..................................................................
6­
218
6.4.3
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
North
Carolina
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas
......................................................................
6­
219
6.4.4.1
Greensboro­
Winston­
Salem­
High
Point
Area
.........................
6­
219
6.4.4.2
Hickory­
Morganton­
Lenoir
Area.............................................
6­
226
6.4.5
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
South
Carolina
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
232
6.4.5.1
Greenville­
Spartanburg­
Anderson
Area...................................
6­
232
6.4.6
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Tennessee
for
the
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
236
6.4.6.1
Chattanooga
Area....................................................................
6­
236
6.4.6.2
Knoxville
Area........................................................................
6­
242
6.5
Region
5
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................
6­
251
6.5.1
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Illinois
for
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
251
6.5.1.1
Chicago­
Gary­
Kenosha
Area...................................................
6­
251
6.5.1.2
Saint
Louis
Area......................................................................
6­
256
6.5.2
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Indiana
for
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
261
6.5.2.1
Chicago­
Northwest
Indiana
Area.............................................
6­
263
6.5.2.2
Cincinnati
Area
.......................................................................
6­
268
6.5.2.3
Elkhart
Area............................................................................
6­
272
6.5.2.4
Southwest
Indiana
(
Evansville
Area)
.......................................
6­
275
6.5.2.5
Indianapolis
Area
....................................................................
6­
280
6.5.2.6
Louisville
Area........................................................................
6­
286
6.5.2.7
Muncie
Area............................................................................
6­
292
iv
6.5.3
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Michigan
for
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
293
6.5.3.1
Detroit­
Ann
Arbor­
Flint
Area..................................................
6­
293
6.5.4
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Ohio
for
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................................................
6­
297
6.5.4.1
Canton­
Massillon,
OH.............................................................
6­
299
6.5.4.2
Cincinnati­
Hamilton
Area
.......................................................
6­
301
6.5.4.3
Cleveland­
Akron­
Lorain
Area
.................................................
6­
306
6.5.4.4
Columbus
Area
.......................................................................
6­
311
6.5.4.5
Dayton­
Springfield
Area
.........................................................
6­
315
6.5.4.6
Huntington­
Ashland
Area........................................................
6­
318
6.5.4.7
Parkersburg­
Marietta
Area
......................................................
6­
323
6.5.4.8
Steubenville­
Weirton
Area
......................................................
6­
326
6.5.4.9
Toledo
Area
............................................................................
6­
328
6.5.4.10
Wheeling
Area
........................................................................
6­
331
6.5.4.11
Youngstown­
Warren
Area.......................................................
6­
333
6.5.5
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Wisconsin
for
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
337
6.5.5.1
Chicago­
Gary­
Kenosha
Area
..................................................
6­
337
6.7
Region
7
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................
6­
342
6.7.1
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Missouri
for
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
342
6.8
Region
8
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................
6­
347
6.8.1
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
Montana
for
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
347
6.8.2
Justifications
for
Changes
to
EPA
Recommendations
Contained
in
the
June
29,
2004
Letters
to
States
........................................................
6­
353
6.9
Region
9
Nonattainment
Areas
.............................................................
6­
356
6.9.1
EPA
9­
Factor
Analyses
for
California
for
Designation
of
PM2.5
Nonattainment
Areas.......................................................................
6­
356
6.9.1.1
City
of
Calexico,
Imperial
County,
California..........................
6­
357
6.9.1.2
San
Diego
Area
.......................................................................
6­
357
6.9.1.3
San
Joaquin
Valley
Area
.........................................................
6­
360
6.9.1.4
South
Coast
Air
Basin
Area.....................................................
6­
365
6.9.2
Justifications
for
Changes
to
EPA
Recommendations
Contained
in
the
June
29,
2004
Letters
to
States
........................................................
6­
379
7.0
Supporting
Maps
and
Figures
...........................................................................
7­
1
v
List
of
Tables
Table
1
Data
Used
in
Calculating
Urban
Excess
Percentages
.......................
3­
8
List
of
Figures
Figure
3.1
Urban
Excess
PM2.5
for
13
Cities...................................................
3­
2
Figure
3.2
Rural
Sulfate
Concentrations...........................................................
3­
3
Figure
3.3
Rural
Nitrate
Concentrations
...........................................................
3­
3
Figure
3.4
Rural
Total
Carbonaceous
Mass
Concentrations..............................
3­
4
Figure
3.5
Local
and
Regional
Contribution
to
the
Sulfate
Component
of
PM2.53­
4........................................................................................
3­
4
Figure
3.6
Local
and
Regional
Contribution
to
the
Carbonaceous
Component
of
PM2.5.........................................................................................
3­
5
Figure
3.7
Local
and
Regional
Contribution
to
the
Nitrate
Component
of
PM2.5.............................................................................................
3­
6
vi
Abbreviations
and
Acronyms
CAA­
Clean
Air
Act
CBSA­
Core
Based
Statistical
Area
CTG
RACT­
Control
Technology
Guidelines
Reasonable
Available
Control
Technology
CM­
Crustal
matter
C/
MSA­
Consolidated
Metropolitan
Statistical
Area
CSA­
Combined
Statistical
Area
DV­
Design
Value
EC­
Elemental
carbon
EPA­
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
FGD­
Flue
Gas
Desulfurization
FIPS­
Federal
Information
Processing
Standards
FTIR
 
Fourier
Transform
Infrared
HAP­
Hazardous
Air
Pollutants
HYSPLIT
­
Hybrid
Single­
Particle
Lagrangian
Integrated
Trajectory
model.
IMPROVE­
Interagency
Monitoring
of
Protected
Visual
Environments
ISCST
­
Industrial
Source
Complex
Simple
Terrain
MACT
­
Maximum
Achievable
Control
Technology
MDL­
Minimum
detection
limit
MOBILE6­
Mobile
Source
Emission
Factor
Model
version
6
MPO­
Metropolitan
Planning
Organization
NA­
Nonattainment
NAAQS­
National
Ambient
Air
Quality
Standards
NA­
P­
Part
of
the
county
was
designated
nonattainment
NEI­
National
Emissions
Inventory
NOx­
Nitrogen
Oxides
NSPS
­
New
Source
Performance
Standards
OC­
Organic
carbon
OMB­
Office
of
Management
and
Budget
OMC­
Organic
mass
by
carbon
OP­
Pyrolized
organics
PIXE­
Particle
Included
X­
Ray
Emission
PM
 
Particulate
Matter
PM2.5
 
Particulate
Matter
with
aerodynamic
diameter
less
than
2.5
microns
PSD­
Prevention
of
Significant
Deterioration
REMSAD
­
Regional
Modeling
System
for
Aerosols
and
Deposition
SASS­
Source
Assessment
Sampling
System
SCR­
Selective
Catalytic
Reduction
SIP­
State
Implementation
Plan
STN­
Speciation
Trends
Network
TEA­
21
 
Transportation
Equity
Act
for
the
21st
Century
(
TEA­
21)
TCM­
Total
carbon
mass
TOR
­
Thermal
Optical
Reflectance
TOT­
Thermal
Optical
Transmittance
U­
Unclassifiable
vii
UE­
Urban
Excess
VMT­
Vehicle
Miles
Traveled
VOC­
Volatile
Organic
Compound
WES­
Weighted
Emission
Score
