Analysis
of
impact
of
Evansville
Urban
Area
on
Dubois
County
PM
2.5
Concentrations
S
ummary
The
Jasper,
Indiana
monitoring
site,
in
Dubois
County,
currently
has
a
design
value
exceeding
the
PM2.5
National
Ambient
Air
Quality
Standard
(
NAAQS).
Jasper
is
located
approximately
45
miles
northeast
of
Evansville.
Because
the
Evansville
(
Vanderburgh
County)
design
value
from
2001
­
2003
also
exceeded
the
NAAQS,
that
area
is
also
being
considered
for
nonattainment
designation.
However,
it
appears
that
2004
data
will
drive
the
design
value
below
the
NAAQS
in
Vanderburgh
County.
Discussions
have
recently
centered
around
whether
or
not
EPA
should
proceed
with
a
nonattainment
designation
of
Vanderburgh
County
(
and
other
Evansville
Urban
Area
counties)
because
of
its
possible
impact
on
the
Dubois
County
monitor
value.

The
Dubois
County
monitor
is
one
of
three
non­
urban
PM2.5
sites
operated
by
IDEM
in
southwest
Indiana.
Additional
sites
are
in
Knox
and
Spencer
Counties.
In
addition,
there
is
an
Interagency
Monitoring
of
Protected
Visual
Environments
(
IMPROVE)
site
operated
at
Livonia
in
Washington
County.
The
site
in
Spencer
County
is
in
Dale,
approximately
15
miles
due
south
of
Jasper,
almost
on
the
southern
Dubois
County
border.
There
is
a
map
of
the
monitoring
locations
on
the
following
page.

The
Dubois
County
site
has
consistently
averaged
higher
than
any
other
non­
urban
sites
in
southwest
Indiana.
Table
1
shows
these
differences
from
2001
­
2003.

Table
1
Design
values
for
southwestern
Indiana
PM2.5
sites
County
2001
2002
2003
Dubois
16.54
16.34
15.72
Knox
13.39
14.20
13.96
Spencer
14.52
14.06
14.63
Livonia
13.30
12.26
12.30
In
attempting
to
determine
why
Dubois
County
has
had
higher
values,
several
analyses
have
been
performed.
Regionally,
there
are
significant
amounts
of
emissions
from
large
utilities
in
southwestern
Indiana,
as
well
as
utilities
in
southern
Illinois
and
Kentucky.
There
are
a
significant
number
of
wood
furniture
manufacturers
located
in
the
Jasper
area.
Many
of
these
burn
scrap
wood
in
boilers.
Emissions
from
these
sources
are
not
large
annually,
but
wood
is
generally
burned
when
supplies
accumulate.
These
sources
could
impact
the
monitoring
site
on
certain
days,
but
this
has
not
been
clearly
established.
Emissions
from
heavy­
duty
diesel
trucks
and
other
traffic
along
US
231,
a
major
north­
south
highway
which
passes
several
hundred
yards
west
of
the
site,
may
also
be
impacting
monitored
values,
but
data
to
quantify
such
an
impact
are
not
available.
Therefore,
an
analysis
of
meteorological
data
and
monitoring
values
at
nearby
sites
was
performed.

The
following
conclusions
about
Dubois
County
data
were
reached
based
upon
this
analysis:

1.
Average
wind
directions
for
the
2002
­
2003
time
period
were
primarily
from
the
south
and
southwest.

2.
Background
levels
at
the
other
sites
were
all
12
­
14
ug/
m3
for
an
annual
average.

3.
Wind
directions
from
days
with
high
PM2.5
values
at
Dubois
County
are
seldom
from
Vanderburgh
County.
An
analysis
of
wind
direction
on
days
with
the
highest
values,
e.
g.
over
20
ug/
m3,
at
the
Jasper
site
in
Dubois
County
showed
that
the
wind
direction
seldom
was
from
the
south
or
southwest
(
origin
of
Vanderburgh
County).
4.
On
days
with
high
values
at
Dubois
County,
the
other
sites
are
usually
high
also.
This
analysis
also
showed
that
generally
when
one
non­
urban
site
in
southwest
Indiana
was
over
20
ug/
m3,
the
others
were
also.
On
these
days,
these
sites
were
seldom
impacted
by
an
air
mass
that
moved
over
the
Evansville
area.
On
days
in
which
Evansville
was
directly
upwind
of
Dubois
County,
the
Dubois
values
were
relatively
the
same
as
the
other
sites
not
impacted
by
Evansville.
For
the
Dubois
County
site,
the
mass
for
the
days
with
values
above
20
ug/
m3
contributed
about
3
ug/
m3
to
the
annual
average.

5.
PM2.5
values
for
this
area
are
greatly
impacted
by
regional
transport.
Speciated
data
are
not
available
from
sites
operated
by
IDEM.
However,
the
Livonia
IMPROVE
site
and
others
in
the
general
area
show
that
sulfate
is
the
predominate
portion
of
the
sample,
followed
by
organic
carbon.
This
indicates
emissions
from
regional
transport
sources,
such
as
utilities,
is
a
major
contributor
to
concentrations
in
the
area.
For
Vanderburgh
County,
SO2
emissions
for
the
past
three
years
have
averaged
less
than
40
tons
per
year.
Reducing
these
emissions
to
zero
would
likely
have
little
to
no
impact
on
Dubois
County.

Gibson
Pike
Dubois
Spencer
Warrick
Vanderburgh
LIVONIA
200
W.
6TH
ST
FIRE
STATION
#
17
SW
PURDUE
AG
FARM
UNIV
OF
EVANSVILLE
DAVID
TURNHAM
SCHOOL
CIVIC
CENTER
COURTS
BLDG
Legend
County
PM
2.5
Monitor
Southwest
Indiana
PM2.5
Monitors
0
9
18
4.5
Miles
Detailed
Analysis
Data
Used
for
Analysis
Information
was
gathered
through
the
Indiana
climate
page
on
the
Purdue
Applied
Meteorology
Group
 
Department
of
Agronomy
website
http://
shadow.
agry.
purdue.
edu/
sc.
hly­
geog.
html.
Southern
Purdue
Agricultural
Research
Center
in
Dubois,
Dubois
County
was
selected.

Graph
1
shows
the
wind
rose
from
Dubois
County
for
2002.
The
wind
blows
most
frequently
from
the
south,
south­
southwest,
north­
northwest,
south­
southeast,
southwest
and
northwest.

Graph
1
Wind
Rose
Analysis
for
Dubois
County
for
2002
Graph
2
shows
the
wind
rose
from
Dubois
County
for
2003.
The
wind
blows
most
frequently
from
the
southsouthwest
south,
south­
southeast,
west­
northwest,
northwest,
southeast
and
north­
northwest.

Graph
2
Wind
Rose
Analysis
for
Dubois
County
for
2003
Analysis
of
data
values
20
ug/
m3
and
over
An
analysis
was
performed
to
determine
if
high
values
were
associated
with
different
wind
directions.
IDEM
had
made
wind
roses
for
2002
and
2003
high
days
earlier,
so
these
were
used
for
the
analysis.
The
days
used
for
this
analysis
are
in
Table
2.

Table
2
2002
2003
Dubois
Knox
Spencer
Livonia
Wind
Direction
Dubois
Knox
Spencer
Livonia
Wind
Direction
1/
2/
2002
21.6
13.2
20.2
NW
­
NE
1/
30/
2003
38.2
27.2
23.9
NE­
S
1/
20/
2002
20.6
15.6
18.6
15.2
SE­
S
2/
26/
2003
29.1
24.0
22.4
16.8
NE­
S
3/
18/
2002
23.9
18.0
18.3
N­
NE
3/
1/
2003
52.9
49.8
29.6
NW
6/
4/
2002
24.7
28.0
S­
SW
3/
7/
2003
18.1
21.6
11.5
SE­
SW
6/
10/
2002
21.9
21.9
18.9
SE­
S
3/
13/
2003
50.0
29.3
22.3
NW­
SE
6/
19/
2002
28.2
28.3
27.8
SE­
S
4/
18/
2003
30.2
28.3
23.5
SW­
NW
6/
22/
2002
31.6
38.6
32.0
E­
SE
6/
17/
2003
25.1
27.7
22.0
NW­
NE
6/
25/
2002
20.8
15.5
20.5
14.3
SE­
SW
6/
23/
2003
16.4
24.2
20.2
SE
7/
1/
2002
27.2
25.3
27.2
27.2
N*
6/
29/
2003
21.4
22.1
17.7
SE­
SW
7/
4/
2002
33.9
35.9
27.8
NE*
7/
2/
2003
21.4
34.4
24.7
18.2
NW
7/
10/
2002
22.0
19.9
18.0
NE*
7/
5/
2003
20.8
18.6
24.2
SW
7/
13/
2002
29.4
28.7
26.5
24.4
NE*
7/
14/
2003
22.0
25.7
22.9
22.1
SE
7/
16/
2002
43.1
43.8
33.7
SE*
7/
20/
2003
38.0
29.0
35.3
S­
SW
7/
22/
2002
23.5
23.9
7/
26/
2003
24.6
22.0
24.8
25.6
S­
SW
7/
25/
2002
20.3
21.4
25.3
15.7
NE­
SE*
8/
1/
2003
31.4
26.4
27.9
27.3
SW
7/
31/
2002
23.3
18.9
26.7
8/
13/
2003
38.0
33.9
34.6
37.2
NE­
SE
8/
3/
2002
45.6
SE*
8/
16/
2003
26.0
21.9
27.0
NW
8/
12/
2002
24.5
24.0
24.3
22.6
SE­
SE*
8/
19/
2003
24.4
22.7
24.0
N­
SE
8/
21/
2002
25.1
26.2
22.0
SE­
S
8/
22/
2003
25.7
25.7
22.1
S­
SW
8/
27/
2002
23.8
20.3
N­
NE
8/
25/
2003
31.6
27.8
31.0
31.6
SW
8/
30/
2002
25.5
22.3
19.9
NE­
E
8/
28/
2003
21.7
18.6
20.4
S­
SW
9/
2/
2002
21.3
21.1
SE­
SW
9/
12/
2003
39.5
37.9
38.1
32.2
SE
9/
8/
2002
36.3
31.0
SE­
SW
9/
18/
2003
20.5
19.7
20.0
21.2
NE
9/
17/
2002
27.8
24.7
28.4
22.0
SE
9/
21/
2003
20.8
17.4
22.8
NE­
SE
9/
29/
2002
21.7
25.2
20.6
19.9
E­
SE
10/
9/
2003
24.2
28.5
18.3
SE
11/
28/
2002
20.4
18.2
13.7
SW
11/
11/
2003
22.0
22.4
18.9
16.6
SW
12/
7/
2002
31.5
19.7
S­
SW
12/
10/
2002
25.0
21.5
16.2
NE
*
Wind
directions
taken
from
Evansville
NWS
site.
See
the
attachments
for
a
complete
set
of
wind
roses
for
Dubois
and
Evansville
meteorological
sites.
Data
from
the
two
sites
are
comparable
so
Evansville
data
was
substituted
where
Dubois
County
data
was
unavailable.

PM2.5
data
used
for
the
Livonia
site
is
from
http://
vista.
cira.
colostate.
edu/
improve/.
This
sampler
uses
a
different
protocol
than
the
FRM
sites,
but
results
are
similar.
The
Dubois,
Knox,
and
Livonia
sites
operate
on
a
1
in
3
day
schedule,
while
Spencer
County
is
1
in
6
days.
Therefore,
the
analysis
was
done
on
a
1
in
6
day
schedule
so
that
data
would
be
comparable.
This
analysis
showed:
­
When
Dubois
County
site
was
high,
generally,
so
also
were
the
other
non­
urban
sites,
indicating
a
regional
contribution
to
the
samples
­
The
days
with
values
over
20
ug/
m3
contributed
nearly
3
ug/
m3
to
the
annual
average.
This
was
calculated
by
the
following
method:
1.
summing
the
values
of
the
28
days
for
2002,
sum
=
744.5,
26
days
for
2003
=
734
2.
calculating
the
baseline
of
15
ug/
m3
for
those
days;
28
x
15
=
420
for
2002,
26
x
15=
390
for
2003
3.
subtracting
the
baseline
from
the
sum
of
the
values;
744.5
­
420
=
324.5,
734
­
390
=
344
4.
dividing
each
by
122
sample
days
for
an
entire
year;
324.5/
122=
2.66
for
2002,
2.82
for
2003
When
these
values
are
removed
from
the
2001
­
2003
design
value
of
16.2
ug/
m3
for
Dubois
County,
it
can
be
seen
that
the
value
would
be
well
below
the
NAAQS
of
15
ug/
m3.
While
an
impact
from
Vanderburgh
County
could
be
included
in
the
background
concentrations,
clearly
there
is
a
regional
component
that
needs
to
be
examined.
Available
data
does
not
show
that
high
values
are
more
likely
to
occur
at
the
Jasper
site
when
the
air
mass
is
from
the
Evansville
area.

Speciation
information
No
speciated
data
is
available
for
Dubois
County.
However,
it
is
available
for
Livonia
and
several
other
sites
in
the
area.
The
map
below
shows
the
results.
Sulfates
are
a
major
component
of
the
sample
in
this
area,
impacted
greatly
by
the
regional
transport
of
emissions
from
large
utilities.
In
this
area,
most
pie
charts
look
similar.
While
Evansville
emissions
could
impact
Dubois
County,
the
point
source
emissions
from
Vanderburgh
County
have
averaged
under
40
tons/
year
from
2001
­
2003.
See
the
attachments
for
the
inventory
spreadsheet.
Reducing
these
emissions
to
zero
will
not
likely
solve
the
attainment
problems
in
Dubois
County.
Several
of
the
counties
in
the
area
have
large
utilities.
Addressing
their
regional
impact
through
the
NOx
SIP
Call
and
the
Clean
Air
Interstate
Rule
will
provide
a
better
means
of
achieving
attainment
in
this
area.
Another
source
of
emissions
impacting
the
samples
could
be
mobile
source
emissions.
These
emissions
are
also
properly
addressed
by
a
regional
process,
which
EPA
has
already
started
with
heavy
duty
diesel
engine
and
diesel
fuel
rules,
for
both
on­
and
off­
road
vehicles.
