USA,
Field
Grown
Eggplant
and
Pepper,
Response
to
June
2004
Questions
Page
1
NOMINATING
PARTY:
The
United
States
of
America
BRIEF
DESCRIPTIVE
TITLE
OF
NOMINATION:
Methyl
Bromide
Critical
Use
Nomination
for
Preplant
Soil
Use
for
Eggplant
and
Pepper
Grown
in
Open
Fields
on
Plastic
Mulch
DOCUMENT
NUMBER
CUN
2003/
050,058,
Usc6N3,
Usc6N9
DATE
August
12,
2004
CRITICAL
NEED
FOR
METHYL
BROMIDE
TABLE
1.
REGION,
KEY
PESTS,
AND
SPECIFIC
REASON
FOR
METHYL
BROMIDE
IN
EGGPLANT
AND
PEPPERS
REGION
WHERE
METHYL
BROMIDE
USE
IS
REQUESTED
KEY
DISEASE(
S)
AND
WEED(
S)
TO
GENUS
AND,
IF
KNOWN,
TO
SPECIES
LEVEL
SPECIFIC
REASONS
WHY
METHYL
BROMIDE
IS
NEEDED
Michigan
Crown
and
root
rots
caused
by
the
soil­
borne
fungus
Phytophthora
capsici.
Fumigation
practices
need
to
be
completed
by
the
first
week
of
May
to
allow
growers
to
plant
early
and
capture
the
early
market
for
premium
prices,
as
well
as
ensuring
demand
for
their
crop
during
the
entire
growing
season
(
especially
during
the
mid
and
late
season.
Under
moderate
to
severe
pressure
the
alternatives
are
not
feasible
because
they
have
to
be
applied
later
when
the
soil
has
warmed
up.

Georgia
and
Southeast
U.
S.
excluding
Florida
Yellow
and
purple
nutsedge
(
Cyperus
esculentus,
C.
rotundus);
Plant­
parasitic
nematodes
(
Meloidogyne
incognita;
Pratylenchus
sp)
Pythium
root
and
collar
rots
(
P.
irregulare,
P.
myriotylum,
P.
ultimum,
P.
aphanidermatum)
Crown
and
root
rot
(
Phytophthora
capsici)
Southern
Blight
(
Sclerotium
rolfsii)
Only
MB
can
effectively
control
the
target
pests
found
in
the
southeastern
United
States
where
pest
pressures
commonly
exist
at
moderate
to
severe
levels.
Most,
if
not
all
of
these
states
are
limited
in
the
use
of
the
alternative
1,3­
D
because
of
underlying
karst
topography
throughout
the
region.
Halosulfuron,
while
effective
against
nutsedge,
is
only
registered
for
use
on
row
middles
in
peppers.
Metam­
sodium
has
limited
pest
control
capabilities
and
should
never
be
used
as
a
standalone
fumigant
(
Noling,
2003).

Florida
Yellow
&
purple
nutsedges
(
Cyperus
rotundus
&
C.
esculentus)
Phytophthora
Blight
(
Phytophthora
spp.)
Root­
knot
nematodes
(
Meloidogyne
spp.)
Damping­
off
Disease
(
Rhizoctonia
solani,
Pythium
spp.)
Nightshade
(
Solanum
spp.)
Only
MB
can
effectively
control
the
target
pests
found
in
Florida
where
pest
pressures
commonly
exist
at
moderate
to
severe
levels.
Use
of
1,3­
dichloropropene
is
restricted
in
key
growing
areas
of
Florida
underlain
by
karst
geology
and
sandy
(
porous)
sub­
soils,
geological
features
that
could
lead
to
ground­
water
contamination.
While
approximately
40
%
of
Florida's
vegetable
production
land
has
these
soil
constraints,
1,3­
dichloropropene
is
prohibited
in
key
growing
areas
like
Dade
County,
where
100%
of
the
growing
area
is
affected
(
U.
S.
EPA,
2002,
Noling,
2003).
Metam­
sodium
has
limited
pest
control
capabilities
and
should
never
be
used
as
a
standalone
fumigant
(
Noling,
2003).
Halosulfuron,
which
is
effective
against
nutsedge,
is
only
registered
for
use
in
row
middles
in
peppers.
USA,
Field
Grown
Eggplant
and
Pepper,
Response
to
June
2004
Questions
Page
2
REGION
WHERE
METHYL
BROMIDE
USE
IS
REQUESTED
KEY
DISEASE(
S)
AND
WEED(
S)
TO
GENUS
AND,
IF
KNOWN,
TO
SPECIES
LEVEL
SPECIFIC
REASONS
WHY
METHYL
BROMIDE
IS
NEEDED
California
Crown
and
root
rots
caused
by
soilborne
fungi
 
particularly
Phytophthora
capsici.
Plant­
parasitic
nematodes,
primarily
root
knot
(
Meloidogyne
spp.)
Registered
alternative
fumigants,
fungicides,
and
nematicides
are
not
as
cost­
effective
and
do
not
provide
the
same
level
of
pest
control
as
methyl
bromide.
One
application
of
methyl
bromide
can
last
more
than
a
year
(
within
a
particular
field),
whereas
alternative
chemicals
must
be
applied
annually.
Regulatory
constraints
restrict
the
use
of
1,3­
D
as
an
alternative.

AMOUNT
OF
METHYL
BROMIDE
NOMINATED
TABLE
2.
AMOUNT
OF
METHYL
BROMIDE
NOMINATED*
BY
THE
U.
S.
IN
2005
AND
2006
­
EGGPLANTS
2005
(
KG)
2006
(
KG)
DESCRIPTION
OF
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
YEARS
76,726
101,245
Michigan's
request
was
added.
New
data
on
extent
of
pest
pressure
showed
a
higher
incidence
of
moderate
to
severe
nutsedge
pressure
in
the
SE
US
and
resulted
in
an
increase
in
the
US
request.
*
2005
Nomination
includes
2005
Supplemental
Requested
nomination
amount.

TABLE
3.
AMOUNT
OF
METHYL
BROMIDE
NOMINATED*
BY
THE
U.
S.
IN
2005
AND
2006
­
PEPPERS
2005
(
KG)
2006
(
KG)
DESCRIPTION
OF
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
YEARS
1,094,747
1,498,530
Michigan's
request
was
added.
New
data
on
extent
of
pest
pressure
showed
a
higher
incidence
of
moderate
to
severe
nutsedge
pressure
in
the
SE
US
and
resulted
in
an
increase
in
the
US
request.
*
2005
Nomination
includes
2005
Supplemental
Requested
nomination
amount.

FIGURE
1.
U.
S.
TOTAL,
REQUESTED,
AND
NOMINATED
HECTARES
OF
PEPPERS
AND
EGGPLANT
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Peppers
Eggplant
Total
Requested
by
applicants
Nominated
by
U.
S.

Footnote:
Total
hectares,
based
on
United
States
Department
of
Agriculture
Statistics,
are
national
acreage
in
production
for
this
sector.
The
requested
hectares
are
sum
total
of
all
areas
in
the
CUE
applications.
The
nominated
hectares
reflect
reductions
of
the
requested
hectares
to
ensure
that
no
double­
counting,
growth,
etc.
were
included
and
that
the
amount
was
only
sufficient
to
cover
situations
(
key
pests,
regulatory
requirements,
etc.)
where
alternatives
could
not
be
used.
Total
pounds
of
methyl
bromide
nominated
by
the
United
States
government
for
this
sector
are
based
on
these
nominated
hectares.
USA,
Field
Grown
Eggplant
and
Pepper,
Response
to
June
2004
Questions
Page
3
See
the
accompanying
spreadsheet
2006
Bromide
Usage
Numerical
Index
or
"
BUNI"
(
Filename:
USA
2006
BUNI
 
Refined
Nomination
Package.
xls)
for
more
detailed
information
on
how
the
nominated
amount
was
determined.

ECONOMIC
IMPACTS
The
economic
impacts
were
assessed
using
four
economic
parameters:
1.
loss
per
hectare,
2.
loss
per
kilogram
of
methyl
bromide,
3.
loss
as
a
percentage
of
gross
revenue,
and
4.
loss
as
a
percentage
of
net
revenue.
This
assessment
compares
methyl
bromide
to
the
best
available
alternative
to
determine
the
economic
feasibility
of
using
that
alternative.
A
range
of
alternatives
were
examined
to
determine
the
best
available
alternative
scenario
taking
into
account
yield
loss
estimates
and
cost
increase
estimates.
The
result
of
the
economic
impact
analysis
is
presented
in
the
BUNI
analysis.
In
this
sector,
no
alternatives
were
found
to
be
both
technically
and
economically
feasible
for
the
particular
circumstances
nominated
for
the
CUE.

RESPONSE
TO
QUESTIONS
MBTOC
Question
1
 
MBTOC
is
concerned
that
much
of
the
research
conducted
on
uses
of
alternatives
is
conducted
on
peppers
or
tomato
and
extrapolated
to
eggplant
production,
particularly
on
the
impact
of
nutsedge
infestation.
Are
there
results
of
commercial
trials
available
on
MB
and
alternatives
for
these
specific
crops
and
circumstances?

US
Response
­
As
far
as
EPA
is
aware,
there
are
no
results
as
yet
from
commercial
trials
in
the
USA
that
use
eggplants
specifically
as
the
crop
system
in
which
to
compare
the
efficacy
of
MB
with
alternative
fumigants
as
nutsedge
control
agents.
Research
has
been
done
in
peppers,
and
this
work
was
mentioned
when
in
the
discussion
of
MB
alternatives
in
the
eggplant
and
pepper
CUNs.
However,
since
eggplants
are
in
the
same
family
(
Solanaceae)
as
both
peppers
and
tomatoes,
and
are
grown
in
the
same
regions
of
the
USA
as
those
crops,
EPA
believes
that
research
done
on
peppers
and
tomatoes
is
applicable
to
eggplants
also.

A
summary
of
results
of
research
studying
various
MB
alternatives
was
presented
in
the
technical
discussions
included
in
the
2003
eggplant
and
pepper
CUNs.
These
are
reproduced
below.
An
important
aspect
that
should
be
kept
in
mind
when
considering
research
on
MB
alternatives
is
that
promising
herbicides
and
fungicides
that
could
serve
as
MB
alternatives,
at
least
when
combined
with
alternative
fumigants
(
e.
g.,
pebulate)
are
not
yet
available
to
US
eggplant
and
pepper
producers
due
to
their
lack
of
registration.

Summary
of
suitability
of
some
key
MB
alternative
fumigants
and
herbicides
for
nutsedge
control
in
vegetable
production
that
are
directly
applicable
to
eggplant
and
peppers:

1,3
D
+
chloropicrin:
This
combination
will
not
adequately
control
nutsedge.
1,3­
dichloropropene
cannot
be
used
in
key
pepper
growing
areas
of
the
U.
S.
where
karst
topography
exists
due
to
ground­
water
contamination
concerns.
Where
1,3­
dichloropropene
use
is
allowed,
set
back
restrictions
(~
100
meters
from
occupied
structures;
~
30
meters
for
emulsified
formulations
applied
via
chemigation)
may
limit
the
proportion
of
the
field
that
can
be
treated.
In
addition,
because
of
a
28­
day
waiting
period
between
application
and
planting
(
compared
to
USA,
Field
Grown
Eggplant
and
Pepper,
Response
to
June
2004
Questions
Page
4
14
days
for
MB),
growers
could
lose
half
of
the
harvest
season
and
miss
higher­
end
market
windows,
mainly
for
spring
fumigations
(
i.
e.,
fall
harvests).
(
SE
Pepper
Consortium,
CUE
#
03­
0041).

Metam­
sodium:
Metam
sodium
provides
limited
and
erratic
performance
at
suppressing
all
major
eggplant
and
pepper
pathogens
and
pests.
Also,
there
is
a
21­
day
waiting
period
at
the
time
of
application
until
planting
compared
to
14
days
for
MB.
Such
a
delay
causes
the
higher­
end
market
windows
to
be
missed
 
particularly
for
the
spring
plantings
(
i.
e.,
fall
harvests).
Beginning
the
application
cycle
earlier
is
not
an
option
since
crops
from
the
previous
fumigation
cycle
must
be
cleaned
up
prior
to
metam
application.
(
Georgia
CUE
#
03­
0049;
Kelley,
2003).
Repeated
applications
of
MITC
(
the
breakdown
product
of
metam
sodium)
are
known
to
enhance
its
biodegradation
(
and
reduce
efficacy)
as
a
result
of
increased
populations
of
adapted
microorganisms
(
Dungan
and
Yates,
2003).

Metam­
sodium
+
chloropicrin:
Trials
in
tomato
have
shown
inconsistent
efficacy
of
this
formulation
against
fungal
pests,
though
it
is
generally
better
than
metam­
sodium
alone
(
Locascio
and
Dickson
1998,
Csinos
et
al.
1999).
Low
efficacy
in
even
small­
plot
trials
indicates
that
this
is
not
a
technically
feasible
alternative
for
commercially
produced
eggplants
or
peppers
at
this
time.

Herbicides
and
fungicides:
Furfural
has
shown
good
efficacy
against
the
fungal
pests
cited
as
key
targets
by
Michigan
eggplant
growers,
although
results
are
based
on
small
plot
trials
conducted
in
eggplants
and
other
vegetables
(
please
see
the
"
Summary
of
Technical
Feasibility
in
the
eggplant
and
pepper
CUNs
for
further
discussion).
However,
furfural
is
not
yet
registered
for
any
crop
in
the
U.
S.
Halosulfuron,
which
has
shown
good
efficacy
against
nutsedge
is
available
for
eggplants
and
peppers
in
the
USA,
but
can
only
be
applied
to
row­
middles,
loses
effectiveness
if
rain
occurs
soon
after
application,
and
has
significant
plant­
back
restrictions
(
0­
36
months).
Thus,
nutsedges
could
still
survive
near
crop
plants,
and
rainfall
 
frequent
and
locally
unpredictable
during
the
vegetable
growing
season
of
the
southern
USA
 
would
often
render
halosulfuron
ineffective
as
an
MB
alternative.

Numerous
research
trials
have
indicated
that
pebulate
would
work
as
well
as
MB
in
combination
with
1,3
D
and
chloropicrin
formulations
to
control
nutsedge
weeds
in
a
variety
of
US
vegetables,
including
eggplants
and
peppers.
Pebulate
is
no
longer
registered
for
use
in
the
USA
and
no
manufacturer
has
sought
to
reregister
it.
Other
herbicide
options,
while
less
promising
for
nutsedge
control,
were
discussed
in
some
detail
in
the
eggplant
and
pepper
CUNs.

MBTOC
Question
2
 
Clarification
is
requested
on
the
specific
weed
and
disease
incidence
for
the
2
crops
and
how
the
specific
pests
and
cultural
needs
and
practices
affect
the
feasibility
of
alternatives
for
the
2
crops.

US
Response
­
As
was
discussed
in
the
CUN,
for
Michigan
eggplants,
Phytopthora
incidence
is
ubiquitous
and
difficult
to
control
with
MB
alternatives
or
cultural
practices
because
of
relatively
cool
climates
and
the
ability
of
this
pathogen
to
disperse
in
irrigation
water.
This
factor
also
affects
incidence
of
this
pathogen
in
the
warmer
climates
of
the
southeastern
USA,
a
region
that
has
also
requested
a
CUN,
in
part,
for
use
against
this
pest.
USA,
Field
Grown
Eggplant
and
Pepper,
Response
to
June
2004
Questions
Page
5
However,
a
far
more
critical
use
of
MB
in
this
region
is
to
control
yellow
and
purple
nutsedges
in
eggplants,
peppers,
as
well
as
cucurbit
vegetables.
It
is
generally
accepted
by
scientific
experts
that
the
incidence
of
these
weeds
in
the
southern
USA
is
very
high.

Earlier
this
year,
Dr.
Stanley
Culpepper
of
the
University
of
Georgia
submitted
to
EPA
the
results
of
a
survey
intended
to
characterize
the
incidence
of
nutsedges
in
their
operations.
In
this
survey,
extension
agents
in
34
Georgia
vegetable
producing
counties
were
polled
to
better
understand
the
level
of
nutsedge
infestation
in
eggplants
and
peppers,
among
other
vegetable
crops.
Their
responses
are
based
on
their
extensive
interactions
with
vegetable
growers
in
their
jurisdictions.
The
portion
of
the
survey
data
related
to
eggplants
and
peppers
is
summarized
below:

TABLE
4.
PERCENT
CURRENT
NUTSEDGE
INFESTATION
IN
GEORGIA
COUNTIES
WHILE
METHYL
BROMIDE
IS
AVAILABLE
(
CULPEPPER,
2003).*

Crop
No
Infestation
Light
Infestation
Moderate
Infestation
Severe
Infestation
Pepper
1.3
18.9
65.6
14.2
Eggplant
1.0
40.6
39.0
19.4
*
Footnote:
No
infestation
=
no
nutsedge
infesting
production
area.
Light
infestation
=
<
5
nutsedge
plants
per
square
yard.
Moderate
infestation
=
5
to
30
nutsedge
plants
per
square
yard.
Severe
infestations
=
>
30
nutsedge
plants
per
square
yard.
In
the
BUNI
"
High
Key
Pest
Distribution"
was
calculated
by
added
the
moderate
plus
severe
infestation.
Low
Key
Pest
Distribution
was
calculated
by
adding
the
severe
infestation
plus
one
half
the
moderate
infestation.

TABLE
5.
PERCENT
ANTICIPATED
NUTSEDGE
INFESTATION
THE
YEAR
AFTER
THE
INABILITY
TO
USE
METHYL
BROMIDE
(
CULPEPPER,
2003).
*

Crop
No
Infestation
Light
Infestation
Moderate
Infestation
Severe
Infestation
Pepper
0.0
9.1
31.6
59.3
Eggplant
0.2
11.9
50.3
37.6
*
Footnote:
No
infestation
=
no
nutsedge
infesting
production
area.
Light
infestation
=
<
5
nutsedge
plants
per
square
yard.
Moderate
infestation
=
5
to
30
nutsedge
plants
per
square
yard.
Severe
infestations
=
>
30
nutsedge
plants
per
square
yard.
In
the
BUNI
"
High
Key
Pest
Distribution"
was
calculated
by
added
the
moderate
plus
severe
infestation.
Low
Key
Pest
Distribution
was
calculated
by
adding
the
severe
infestation
plus
one
half
the
moderate
infestation.

While
this
survey
focused
on
Georgia,
we
expect
that
the
levels
of
nutsedge
infestations
reported
for
these
crops
is
likely
to
be
representative
of
that
in
other
areas
of
the
southern
USA.

The
impact
of
specific
pests
and
cultural
needs
and
practices
was
discussed
in
the
CUNs
for
peppers,
eggplants
and
cucurbits;
this
impact
is
similar
for
all
these
crops.
A
brief
summary
of
this
discussion
follows
below:

In
Michigan,
the
MB
alternatives
1,3
D
(
with
or
without
chloropicrin)
and
metam­
sodium
cannot
be
used
in
a
timely
manner
due
to
low
soil
temperatures.
If
forced
to
rely
on
these
options,
growers
would
not
only
have
the
limited
efficacy
discussed
in
the
eggplant
and
pepper
CUNs,
but
would
also
miss
key
market
windows
where
much
of
their
revenue
is
derived.
The
USA,
Field
Grown
Eggplant
and
Pepper,
Response
to
June
2004
Questions
Page
6
widespread
distribution
and
ease
of
spread
of
the
target
disease
pests
makes
it
virtually
impossible
for
growers
to
select
and
maintain
pest
free
fields.
In
the
southern
USA,
these
MB
alternatives
have
the
efficacy
problems
described
above
as
regards
nutsedge
control.
In
addition,
nutsedges
are
also
widespread
pests
in
this
region,
are
capable
of
surviving
adverse
conditions
such
as
high
temperatures
and
flooding,
and
have
a
very
high
reproductive
potential
from
tubers.

MBTOC
Question
3
 
While
recognizing
that
the
dosage
rates
of
MB,
as
MB/
Pic
mixtures,
on
a
per
total
area
basis
is
relatively
low,
further
information
is
sought
on
the
scope
for
reduction
in
the
nominated
quantity
through
the
use
of
barrier
film
technology,
e.
g.,
VIF,
to
reduce
emissions
and
improve
fumigant
efficiency.
There
may
also
be
potential
for
further
increases
in
use
of
strip
fumigation,
perhaps
combined
with
herbicide
use".

US
Response
 
While
tarping
is
already
used
on
all
related
crops,
and
related
emissions
have
been
reduced
to
the
greatest
extent
feasible,
virtually
impenetrable
film
(
VIF)
has
thus
far
not
shown
to
be
adaptable
to
the
warm,
wet
climates
of
the
southern
USA
where
eggplants
and
pepper
growers
are
requesting
MB.
VIF
has
poor
application
characteristics:
it
must
be
unrolled
slower
to
prevent
tearing,
photodegradation
is
a
problem
when
used
for
multiple
crops,
and
there
are
problems
with
disposal
in
many
localities.
Growers
report
that
it
deteriorates
easily
under
these
climate
conditions
(
Aerts
2003).
While
Michigan
has
a
cooler
climate,
the
effect
of
VIF
on
disease
pathogen
survival
remains
unknown.
Thus,
for
all
pepper
and
eggplant
production
areas
that
have
requested
MB
this
year,
the
US
government
believes
that
VIF
is
not
a
commercially
viable
option
for
reducing
emissions.
As
regards
increases
in
strip
fumigation,
there
are
no
effective
herbicides
as
yet
registered
for
these
crops
that
would
adequately
control
nutsedges.
Halosulfuron,
while
available
for
these
crops,
has
the
limitations
already
discussed
(
above),
and
for
those
reasons,
we
believe
it
would
not
be
commercially
viable
in
combination
with
strip
fumigation
as
a
means
of
reducing
emissions.

MBTOC
Question
4
 
The
2006
nomination
for
eggplants
and
peppers
represent
increases
in
nomination
over
those
approved
by
the
EMOP
of
33
and
487
tonnes
respectively.
With
allowance
for
newly
nominated
quantities
in
2005,
these
quantities
are
still
substantial
increases.
Specific
information
is
sought
on
the
reasons
for
the
increase
bin
nominated
quantities.

US
Response
 
The
U.
S.
received
new
information
on
the
extent
of
pest
pressure
in
the
Southeast
U.
S.
This
information
was
based
on
a
survey
conducted
in
Georgia
by
Stanley
Culpepper
at
the
University
of
Georgia
(
see
Table
4
&
5
above).
These
survey
results
demonstrate
that
moderate
to
severe
pest
pressure
was
present
at
a
much
higher
level
than
our
earlier
estimates
suggested.
When
these
new
estimates
were
used
in
the
Bromide
Usage
Analysis
Information
(
BUNI)
they
indicated
that
more
hectares
of
eggplant
and
peppers
had
a
critical
need
for
methyl
bromide.

Sources
and
references
2006
Bromide
Usage
Numerical
Index
(
BUNI)
 
Refined
Nomination
Package.
Attached
to
U.
S.
Response
to
Questions
as
an
Excel
Spreadsheet.
USA,
Field
Grown
Eggplant
and
Pepper,
Response
to
June
2004
Questions
Page
7
Aerts,
M.
2003.
Asst.
Director,
Environmental
and
Pest
Management
Division,
Florida
Fruit
and
Vegetable
Association.
Presentation
on
methyl
bromide
critical
use
exemption
requests,
made
at
the
2003
Florida
Tomato
Institute
meeting,
Naples,
Florida.
Summary
available
on
the
Web
at
http://
www.
gladescropcare.
com/
GCC_
tomato_
institute.
html
Kelley,
W.
T.
2003,
Professor,
University
of
Georgia.
Personal
communication
with
G.
Tomimatsu,
USEPA,
November
24,
2003.

Csinos,
A.
S.,
D.
R.
Sumner,
R.
M.
McPherson,
C.
Dowler,
C.
W.
Johnson,
and
A.
W.
Johnson.
1999.
Alternatives
for
methyl
bromide
fumigation
of
tobacco
seed
beds,
pepper,
and
tomato
seedlings.
Proc.
Georgia
Veg.
Conf.
Available
on
the
Web
at
http://
www.
tifton.
uga.
edu/
veg/
Publications/
Gfvga99.
pdf
Culpepper,
S.
2004.
Infestations
of
Nutsedge
in
Georgia
Vegetable
Crops.
Supporting
survey
information.
University
of
Georgia
supporting
survey
information.
Email
of
January
23,
2004.

Locascio,
S.
J.,
J.
P.
Gilreath,
D.
W.
Dickson,
T.
A.
Kucharek,
J.
P.
Jones,
and
J.
W.
Noling.
1997.
Fumigant
alternatives
to
methyl
bromide
for
polyethylene
mulched
tomato.
HortSci.
32:
1208­
1211.
