"
The
air
in
every
American
community
will
be
safe
and
healthy
to
breathe.
In
particular,
children,
the
elderly,
and
people
with
respiratory
ailments
will
be
protected
from
health
risks
of
breathing
polluted
air."

EPA's
Goal
for
`
Clean
Air'
Boston
Great
Smokey
Mountains
Particulate
Air
Pollution:
ORD
Gains
Since
1997
­
What
Lies
Ahead?

Office
of
Research
&
Development
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Washington
D.
C.
Cardiopulmonary
disease
appears
to
predispose
to
PM
effects.

Schwartz
et
al,
1992
Fine
PM
relates
to
consistency
of
effect.

From
whence
the
concerns
about
PM 
To
date,
the
NRC
has
issued
3
reports
that
identify
important
research
needs
and
recommends
a
multi­
year
portfolio
of
the
highest
priority
research
topics.

The
final
report
is
due
in
Feb
2004.

In
1998,
Congress
increased
the
EPA
budget
of
$
27.8
million
for
the
PM
program
by
$
22.4
million
per
year­­

an
increase
that
has
been
largely
sustained
through
the
ensuing
five
years.

What
do
we
need
to
know
about
PM
 
is
the
problem
real
and
how
do
we
deal
with
it?
1.
Outdoor
Measures
vs.
Personal
Exposure
2.
Exposure
of
Susceptible
Populations
to
PM
Components
3.
Characterization
of
Sources
5.
Assessment
of
Hazardous
PM
Components
4.
Air
Quality
Model
Development
&
Testing
6.
Dosimetry
&
Fate
of
Deposited
PM
7.
Combined
Effects
of
PM
and
Gaseous
Pollutants
8.
Susceptible
Subpopulations
9.
Mechanisms
of
Injury
10.
Analysis
&
Measurements
11.
Technical
Support
 
Atmospheric
Measurements
and
Methods
PM
Research
Needs
to
Minimize
Health
Risks
A
Road
Map:
The
NRC
Research
Priorities
for
PM
Supersites
and
EPA
Monitoring
Network
(
OAQPS)
Exposure,
Atmospheric
Measurement
&
Modeling,
and
Source
Apportionment
Exposure
characterization;
receptor
modeling
tools
to
assist
regulators
identify
and
effectively
target
sources
Toxicological
Studies
Animal
inhalation
studies,
cell
biology
&
real
time
telemetry
measurements
in
rodents
Clinical
Studies
Human
inhalation
studies;
Cardiopulmonary
testing;
in
vitro
exposure
facilities
Epidemiological
Studies
Acute
/
chronic
&
panel
epidemiologic
studies;

biomarker
development;
imputation
of
exposures
Concentrator
(
CAPs)

ORD
PM
Research
Emission
Source
Characterization
Source
emission
profiles
for
source
attribution
in
ambient
fine
PM.

Validate
multi­
pollutant
controls.
NCER
STAR
Program
NCER
STAR
Program
Minerals
SO4
NH4
NO3
OC
EC
Unknown
(
4.3%)
(
34%)

(
13%)

(
1.1%)

(
20.9%)

(
3.9%)

(
23%)
East
Minerals
SO4
NH4
NO3
OC
EC
(
7.5%)
(
22.3%)

(
10.2%)

(
8.1%)

(
44.6%)
(
9%)
Central
Minerals
SO4
NH4
NO3
OC
EC
(
14%)
(
10.8%)

(
7.5%)

(
15.7%)

(
38.9%)

(
14.7%)
West
Particle
Acidity
Ambient
PM
 
combustion
and
natural
sources
(
biologicals?)

Sunlight
driven
transformation
products
Gaseous
Pollutants:
SO2
NO2
NH3
O3
CO
VOCs
Assessing
the
Hazards
of
PM
Complexities
of
Composition,
Space
&
Time
National
Monitoring
Network
01/
02
Trends
(
54)
Supplemental
(~
215
sites
currently
known)

Supersites
Daily
Sites
IMPROVE
IMPROVE
Protocol
Castnet
conversion
Deploy
in
2002
Deploy
in
2003
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
Jay
Turner
Washington
University
St.
Louis
Spyros
Pandis
Carnegie
Mellon
University
Pittsburgh,
PA
Kenneth
Demerjian
University
of
Albany
New
York,
NY
John
Froines
UCLA
Los
Angeles,
CA
David
Allen
University
of
Texas,
Austin
Houston,
TX
John
Watson
Desert
Research
Institute
Fresno,
CA
John
Ondov
University
of
Maryland
Baltimore,
MD
Pilot
Cooperative
EPRI
Atlanta,
GA
Principal
Investigator
Institution
Location
12
FRM
PM2.5
&
PM10
National
Ambient
Air
Monitoring
Networks
Routine
Chemical
Speciation
Super
­

sites
Program
772
MI
patients
OR
=
1.69
(
1.13­
2.34)
for
a
20
µ
g/
m3
increment
in
24­
hour
PM2.5
Peters
et
al.,
2001
­
0.6
­
0.4
­
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Healthy
Subjects
Compromised
Subjects
HF
LF
HF
LF
Heart
Rate
Variability
Liao
et
al.,
2000

Evidence
that
PM
affects
the
Cardiovascular
System
*
*

SDNN
PNN50
LF
HF
Total
Ratio
0
1
2
3
4
Air
CAPS
Ratio
CAPS
/

Pre
Devlin
et
al.,
2002
Watkinson
et
al.,
1998
ECG
Abnormalities
and
death
in
fly
ash
exposed
hypertensive
rats
Kodavanti
et
al.,
(
2003)
"
Inhaled
environmental
combustion
particles
cause
myocardial
injury
in
the
Wistar
Kyoto
rat."
Toxicol
Sci
71(
2):
237­
245

First
evidence
of
direct
cardiac
injury
from
inhaled
emission
PM
EPM­
exposed
40X
Air­
exposed
40X
Society
of
Toxicology
"
Paper
of
the
Year
2003"

Validation
of
PM­
associated
health
effects

Credibility
of
exposure
measures

Plausible
biological
mechanisms

Development
of
predictive
models
and
evaluative
tools
to
implement
the
PM
NAAQS
Five
years
of
Progress

PM
composition
is
source
driven
 
so
likely
are
health
outcomes

Effects
of
long­
term
exposure
to
PM

ORD
remains
an
essential
partner
to
OAR
in
its
efforts
to
meet
EPA's
Clean
Air
goal
Where
do
we
go
from
here?


Biological
mechanisms
underlying
response
&
susceptibility

PM
attributes
and
source
attribution
of
health
effects

Air
Quality
Criteria
Document
for
PM

Tools
for
implementing
the
NAAQS
 
"
post­
sulfur
era"
