MEMORANDUM
Date:
June
17,
2004
Subject:
Economic
Data
for
Area
Source
Categories
­
Title
V
Permit
Program
Rulemaking
From:
Larry
Sorrels,
US
EPA/
OAQPS/
AQSSD/
ISEG
To:
Ray
Vogel,
US
EPA/
OAQPS/
ITPID/
OPG
This
memo
contains
economic
data
for
the
five
source
categories
that
are
the
focus
of
this
rulemaking.
The
source
categories
are:
dry
cleaning,
ethylene
oxide
(
EO)
sterilizers,
degreasers
(
halogenated
solvent
cleaners),
chromium
electroplaters,
and
secondary
aluminum
sources.
There
are
1
to
2
pages
of
data
for
industries
in
which
these
source
categories
are
located,
and
this
data
is
meant
to
characterize
the
current
state
of
these
industries
and,
where
possible,
their
future
growth.
The
data
shown
consists
of:
number
of
firms,
characterization
of
number
of
small
firms,
profit
margins,
economic
growth,
and
other
economic
information
as
available.

The
memo
reflects
not
only
work
done
by
Art
Rios,
Darryl
Weatherhead,
and
me,
but
also
reflects
your
comments
and
suggestions
made
on
drafts
of
this
data
a
few
days
ago.
If
you
have
any
questions
on
this
memo,
let
me
know.
Thanks.

cc:
Ron
Evans,
OAQPS/
AQSSD/
ISEG
Art
Rios,
OAQPS/
AQSSD/
ISEG
Darryl
Weatherhead,
OAQPS/
AQSSD/
ISEG
Dry
Cleaning
Industry
­
Summary
Economic
Profile
(
6/
04)

Industry
Affected:
Dry
Cleaning
(
SIC
7216/
NAICS
812320).

Number
of
firms
in
the
affected
industry:
30,000
(
as
of
2003,
according
to
the
International
Fabricare
Insitute).
The
industry
is
made
up
of
many
small
firms.
85
percent
of
them
are
small,
single­
family,
independent
"
mom
and
pop"
operations.
The
average
dry
cleaning
firm
employs
5
people
(
Integra
Information,
January
2004).

Average
or
Median
Annual
Sales/
Revenues
or
Earnings
for
firms
in
affected
industry:
$
200,000
in
2003
(
Integra
Information,
January
2004).

Economic
Growth:
Revenues
are
forecast
to
increase
by
3.5%
between
2003
and
2007
(
Ibid.).

Profit
Margins:
Less
than
1%
on
average
(
Ibid).

Elasticities:
The
dry
cleaning
industry
is
highly
competitive
­
it
is
fragmented,
and
virtually
all
dry
cleaners
are
"
pricetakers"
­
each
dry
cleaners
has
no
influence
on
the
price
of
their
cleaning
output.
Thus,
the
price
elasticity
of
demand
should
be
less
than
­
1
­
meaning
a
1%
drop
in
demand
can
be
triggered
by
a
less
than
1%
increase
in
price.

Bottom
Line
Conclusions:
Dry
cleaners
are
likely
to
have
difficulty
affording
the
costs
of
complying
with
the
requirements
of
a
Title
V
permit
program
given
their
small
profit
margins
and
highly
competitive
environment.

Note:
The
Dry
Cleaning
industry
is
likely
to
be
subject
to
a
residual
risk
standard
in
the
next
2
years.
This
standard
will
likely
be
applied
to
large
industrial
cleaners
that
are
a
very
tiny
minority
of
dry
cleaners.
Dry
cleaners
that
are
colocated
at
major
sources
for
emissions
may
be
subject
to
area
source
standards,
but
these
are
likely
to
involve
voluntary
measures.
2
Ethlyene
Oxide
(
EO)
Sterilizers
­
Summary
Economic
Data
(
6/
04)

Industry
Affected:
Hospitals.
Sterilizers
are
used
to
clean
medical
equipment.

Of
5,800
hospitals
nationwide,
roughly
1,800
sterilize
with
EO.
It
is
estimated
that
1,200
hospitals
control
EO
emissions
from
sterilizers.
Most
hospitals
that
sterilize
with
EO
are
located
in
urban
areas
(
about
95%)
(
Information
from
EO
Sterilizers
Report
to
ESD
from
Ec/
R,
December
2003).

Capital
control
costs
for
controlling
EO
emissions
from
sterilizers
can
range
from
$
23,000
to
$
46,000
per
unit.
Total
annualized
costs
can
run
from
$
4,000
to
$
16,000
per
unit.
Annual
control
costs
per
ton
of
reduction
can
run
from
$
22,000
to
$
800,000
(
Information
from
EO
Sterilizers
Report
to
ESD
from
Ec/
R,
December
2003).

Profit
Margins
for
Hospitals:
Range
from
3
to
5%
based
on
historical
averages
(
historical
median
of
4.6%
based
on
American
Hospital
Association
data
from
1990­
2000).
For­
profit,
publicly
traded
hospitals
have
profit
margins
in
the
high
end
of
this
range
while
the
not­
for­
profit
hospitals
have
profit
margins
closer
to
the
low
end.
Typically,
for­
profit
hospitals
are
larger
than
not­
for­
profit
hospitals,
and
not­
for­
profit
hospitals
typically
generate
less
revenue
per
bed
than
for­
profit
hospitals
due
to
lack
of
economies
of
scale
and
larger
overhead
costs.
For­
profit
publicly
traded
hospitals
are
15%
of
facilities
and
about
13%
of
the
beds
available
to
incoming
patients,
and
the
remaining
85%
of
facilities
(
87%
of
beds)
are
not­
for­
profit
(
Health
Care
Industry
Market
Update,
Centers
for
Medicare
and
Medicaid
Services,
July
14,
2003).

Economic
Growth:
Expected
to
climb
as
the
number
of
patients
grow
due
to
the
aging
of
the
population
and
the
expansion
of
hospitals
into
outpatient
care.

Elasticities:
While
the
price
elasticity
of
demand
can
be
quite
low
for
health
care
services
as
a
whole
(
below
­
0.2),
the
price
elasticity
of
demand
for
hospital
services
can
be
quite
large
(
nearly
­
6,
or
highly
elastic,
based
on
1999
FTC
study
­
"
Competition
Among
Hospitals,"
Martin
Gaynor
and
William
B.
Vogt).
Hence,
those
who
go
to
hospitals
do
consider
the
price
of
services
as
a
parameter
for
decision
making.

Bottom
Line
Conclusions:
For­
profit,
publicly
traded
hospitals
will
not
likely
have
much
trouble
affording
the
costs
associated
with
a
Title
V
permit
program
aimed
at
EO
sterilizers.
However,
the
not­
for­
profit
hospitals,
which
constitute
the
great
majority
of
facilities,
may
have
more
difficulty
in
affording
Title
V
permits
due
to
their
lower
profit
margins.
In
addition,
smaller
hospitals
such
as
those
in
inner­
city
areas
are
likely
to
have
lower
profit
margins
than
other
urban
hospitals
(
Issue
Brief,
National
Health
Policy
Forum,
March
1999),
and
would
thus
have
more
difficulty
in
affording
Title
V
permits.

Note:
EO
Sterilizers
may
be
subject
to
a
residual
risk
standard
­
final
decision
has
not
3
been
reached
yet.
Current
concerns
are
with
the
annual
cost/
ton
for
available
controls
to
reduce
risks
of
HAP
exposure.

Degreasers
­
Summary
Economic
Data
Industry
Affected:
Degreasers
are
in
NAICS
codes
332999,
337124,
335999,
336999,
332116,
336,
339.
A
description
of
each
of
these
NAICS
codes
is
contained
below
(
1997
Economic
Census).

All
below
NAICS
descriptions
obtained
from
the
U.
S.
Census
Bureau,
1997
Economic
Census.
NAICS
332999:
All
Other
Miscellaneous
Fabricated
Metal
Product
Manufacturing
.
This
U.
S.
industry
comprises
establishments
primarily
engaged
in
manufacturing
fabricated
metal
products
(
except
forgings
and
stampings,
cutlery
and
handtools,
architectural
and
structural
metals,
boilers,
tanks,
shipping
containers,
hardware,
spring
and
wire
products,
machine
shop
products,
turned
products,
screws,
nuts
and
bolts,
metal
valves,
ball
and
roller
bearings,
ammunition,
small
arms
and
other
ordnances,
fabricated
pipes
and
pipe
fittings,
industrial
patterns,
and
enameled
iron
and
metal
sanitary
ware).

NAICS
337124:
Metal
Household
Furniture
Manufacturing
.
This
U.
S.
industry
comprises
establishments
primarily
engaged
in
manufacturing
metal
household­
type
furniture
and
freestanding
cabinets.
The
furniture
may
be
made
on
a
stock
or
custom
basis
and
may
be
assembled
or
unassembled
(
i.
e.,
knockdown)..

NAICS
335999:
All
Other
Miscellaneous
Electrical
Equipment
and
Component
Manufacturing
.
This
U.
S.
industry
comprises
establishments
primarily
engaged
in
manufacturing
industrial
and
commercial
electric
apparatus
and
other
equipment
(
except
lighting
equipment,
household
appliances,
transformers,
motors,
generators,
switchgear,
relays,
industrial
controls,
batteries,
communication
and
energy
wire
and
cable,
wiring
devices,
and
carbon
and
graphite
products).
This
industry
includes
power
converters
(
i.
e.,
AC
to
DC
and
DC
to
AC),
power
supplies,
surge
suppressors,
and
similar
equipment
for
industrial­
type
and
consumer­
type
equipment.

NAICS
336999:
All
Other
Transportation
Equipment
Manufacturing
.
This
U.
S.
industry
comprises
establishments
primarily
engaged
in
manufacturing
transportation
equipment
(
except
motor
vehicles,
motor
vehicle
parts,
boats,
ships,
railroad
rolling
stock,
aerospace
products,
motorcycles,
bicycles,
armored
vehicles
and
tanks).

NAICS
332116:
Metal
Stamping
.
This
U.
S.
industry
comprises
establishments
primarily
engaged
in
manufacturing
unfinished
metal
stampings
and
spinning
unfinished
metal
products
(
except
crowns,
cans,
closures,
automotive,
and
coins).
Establishments
making
metal
stampings
and
metal
spun
products
and
further
manufacturing
(
e.
g.,
machining,
assembling)
a
specific
product
are
classified
in
the
industry
of
the
finished
product.
Metal
stamping
and
metal
spun
products
establishments
may
perform
surface
finishing
operations,
such
as
cleaning
and
4
deburring,
on
the
products
they
manufacture.

NAICS
336:
Transportation
Equipment
Manufacturing
.
Industries
in
the
Transportation
Equipment
Manufacturing
subsector
produce
equipment
for
transporting
people
and
goods.
Transportation
equipment
is
a
type
of
machinery.
An
entire
subsector
is
devoted
to
this
activity
because
of
the
significance
of
its
economic
size
in
all
three
North
American
countries.

NAICS
339:
Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
.
Industries
in
the
Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
subsector
make
a
wide
range
of
products
that
cannot
readily
be
classified
in
specific
NAICS
subsectors
in
manufacturing.
Processes
used
by
these
establishments
vary
significantly,
both
among
and
within
industries.
For
example,
a
variety
of
manufacturing
processes
are
used
in
manufacturing
sporting
and
athletic
goods
that
include
products,
such
as
tennis
racquets
and
golf
balls.
The
processes
for
these
products
differ
from
each
other,
and
the
processes
differ
significantly
from
the
fabrication
processes
used
in
making
dolls
or
toys,
the
melting
and
shaping
of
precious
metals
to
make
jewelry,
and
the
bending,
forming,
and
assembly
used
in
making
medical
products.

Percentage
of
Firms
and
Enterprises
with
Less
than
500
Employees
by
NAICS
Code
NAICS
Code
Firms
(%)
Establishments
(%)

332999
97.38%
96.39%

337124
95.87%
90.45%
5
335999
92.14%
90.40%

336999
94.52%
90.98%

332116
95.11%
92.51%

336
94.39%
80.95%

339
98.59%
96.07%

(
Information
obtained
from
Statistics
of
U.
S.
Businesses,
2001,
U.
S.
Census
Bureau.)

Economic
Growth:

A
projection
of
the
average
annual
rate
of
change
in
output
from
2002
to
2012
for
4­
digit
NAICS
codes
these
industries
are
found
in
shows
expected
output
increases
ranging
from
1.2
to
5.2
%
(
Monthly
Labor
Review,
Bureau
of
Labor
Statistics,
February
2004).
6
Chrome
Plating
­
Summary
Economic
Data
Industry
Affected:
Chrome
Plating
includes
decorative
chromium
electroplating
of
metals
and
plastics,
hard
chromium
electroplating
of
metals,
chromic
acid
anodizing
and
trivalent
chromium
plating.
Examples
of
electroplated
parts
include
appliances,
automotive
parts,
and
large
cylinders
used
in
construction
equipment
and
printing
presses.
Anodized
parts
include
miscellaneous
aircraft
components
such
as
wings
and
landing
gears.
Facility
Size:
According
to
the
Chemical
Economic
Handbook
in
2000
there
are
an
estimated
2,800
decorative
plating
facilities,
1,540
hard
plating
facilities,
and
680
chromic
acid
anodizing
shops
operating
in
the
United
States.
Firm
and
Enterprise
Size:
According
to
a
2001
report
prepared
for
the
National
Association
of
Metal
Finishers,
the
job
shop
sector
consists
predominantly
of
small
businesses.
The
Small
Business
Administration
categories
a
small
business
for
NAICS
code
332813
to
employ
less
than
500
employees.
The
U.
S.
Census
Bureau
­
Statistics
of
U.
S.
Businesses
for
2001
collects
data
on
firm
size
and
enterprise
size.
For
NAICS
code
332813
approximately
98.7%
of
firms
and
97.9%
of
enterprises
are
classified
as
small
businesses.
In
addition,
the
National
Association
of
Metal
Finishers
(
2001)
report
states
that
small
businesses
are
especially
vulnerable
to
closure
if
capital
investments
for
pollution
control
must
be
made
during
or
soon
after
difficult
periods
in
the
business
cycle.

Percentages
of
Firms
for
NAICS
332813
by
Number
of
Employees
(
2001)
1
#
of
Employees
%
of
Firms
%
of
Enterprises
0
4.20%
4.01%
1
to
4
24.50%
23.42%
5
to
9
19.69%
18.82%
10
to
19
20.01%
19.16%
20
to
99
25.44%
25.52%
100
to
499
4.87%
6.97%
500+
1.29%
2.10%
Total
100.00%
100.00%

Profit
Margins:
"
Metal
finishing
job
shops
earned
pretax
profits
at
an
average
rate
of
4.8%
of
sales
over
the
9­
year
period
from
1990
through
1998.
"
(
National
Association
of
Metal
Finishers,
2001)

1Information
obtained
from
Statistics
of
U.
S.
Businesses,
2001,
U.
S.
Census
Bureau.
http://
www.
census.
gov/
epcd/
susb/
2001/
us/
US332813.
HTM
7
Compliance
Costs:
"
Although
it
is
very
difficult
to
define
a
representative
metal
finishing
product
for
which
the
price
can
be
tracked
over
time,
many
job
shop
owners
agree
that
prices
have
generally
declined
over
the
past
decade
or
so,
and
they
have
been
able
to
remain
profitable
only
by
aggressively
improving
productivity
and
reducing
their
costs.
We
believe
that
any
industry
with
characteristics
such
as
these
is
unlikely
to
be
able
to
pass
through
to
its
customers
a
significant
share
of
any
new
environmental
compliance
costs.
"
(
National
Association
of
Metal
Finishers,
2001)

Economic
Growth:
The
chromium
plating
market
as
a
whole
is
growing
no
more
than
2%
per
year.
This
is
primarily
due
to
the
impact
of
competitive
products
such
as
electrolysis
nickel
plating.
However
there
does
not
appear
to
be
a
single
replacement
for
hard
chromium
electroplating.
(
CEH,
2000)
Plated
Chromium
remains
an
attractive
option
for
the
highly
competitive
automotive
finishes
market.
Automotive
use
is
reported
to
begin
growing
10%
per
year,
driven
by
the
plating
of
aluminum
wheels.
(
CEH,
2000)

Elasticity:
According
to
a
2001
report
prepared
for
the
National
Association
of
Metal
Finishers,
the
estimated
elasticity
of
demand
of
output
price
relative
to
input
price
is
1.299.

References:

Chemical
Economics
Hanbook
Product
Review
by
Schumacher,
John
W.,
Kälin,
Thomas
and
Masahiro
Yoneyama.
2000.
Inorganic
Chromium
Compounds.

Environomics.
2001.
Review
of
the
Economic
Analysis
of
EPA's
Proposed
Metal
Products
and
Machinery
Rule
for
the
Metal
Finishing
Job
Shop
Sector.
Prepared
for
the
National
Association
of
Metal
Finishers,
American
Electroplaters
and
Surface
Finishers
Society,
Inc.,
Metal
Finishing
Suppliers
Association.
8
Secondary
Aluminum
Industry
 
Economic
Summary
Data
Industries
Affected:
Transportation
(
Auto),
Containers
and
Packaging,
and
Building
and
Construction.

According
to
the
Aluminum
Association,
the
U.
S.
total
supply
of
aluminum
decreased
by
4.1%
from
1999­
2000,
however,
during
the
decade
of
the
90s,
supply
had
increased
by
an
average
rate
of
3.4%
annually.
Primary
aluminum
accounted
for
34.3%
of
production
while
secondary
aluminum
accounted
for
32.2%
of
production.
The
remaining
33.5%
were
imported.

The
transportation
industry
accounted
for
32.5%
of
total
aluminum
manufactured
in
2000
including
secondary
aluminum
(
Aluminum
Association).
Although
the
market
increased
only
0.3%
from
1999
to
2000,
it
grew
by
100%
over
the
decade
of
the
90s.
Increasing
demand
for
fuel
efficient
cars
is
expected
result
in
the
construction
of
lighter
vehicles
with
higher
proportions
of
aluminum.
Consequently,
this
shift
in
consumer
preferences
is
likely
result
in
an
increase
in
consumption
of
both
primary
and
secondary
aluminum
from
the
automotive
industry.

Containers
and
packaging
accounted
for
20.4
%
of
the
primary
and
secondary
aluminum
market
in
2000(
Aluminum
Association).
Aluminum
shipments
were
used
in
the
construction
of
beverage
cans,
food
containers,
and
household
&
institutional
foil.
A
large
reason
for
the
use
of
aluminum
in
this
sector
is
the
change
in
consumer
preference
for
recycled
products.

Building
and
Construction
accounted
for
13.1%
of
total
aluminum
shipments
in
1999
(
Aluminum
Association).

Elasticities:
Unfortunately,
elasticity
data
was
not
available.
However,
Bob
Garino,
director
of
commodities
at
the
Institute
of
Scrap
Recycling
Industries
(
ISRI)
was
quoted
in
a
Reuters
News
Service
article
that
he
feels
the
industry
is
price
elastic.


Price
elasticity
refers
to
the
condition
where
a
proportional
change
in
quantity
(
supply
or
demand),
in
response
to
a
proportional
change
in
price,
is
greater
than
the
proportional
change
in
price.
In
numerical
terms,
elasticity
means
the
proportional
change
in
quantity
over
the
proportional
change
in
price
is
greater,
in
absolute
value,
than
1.
9
Location:
According
to
an
industry
analysis
brief
prepared
by
the
Department
of
Energy's,
Energy
Information
Administration,
the
majority
of
secondary
aluminum
smelters
are
located
near
southern
California
and
the
Great
Lakes
areas
close
to
consumer
centers
and
large
industrial
sites
which
contain
high
quantities
of
scrap.
"
Foil,
sheet,
and
plate
facilities
are
concentrated
in
the
Ohio
River
Valley
and
the
mid­
Atlantic
region.
Extruded
products
facilities
are
also
concentrated
in
these
areas,
as
well
as
the
Great
Lakes
region,
Texas,
and
Southern
California.
(
Aluminum
Association)"

Industry
Profile
and
Economic
Growth
Information
by
NAICS
code:

According
to
the
Bureau
of
Labor
Statistics,
average
annual
rate
of
change
for
output
from
2002­
2012
for
NAICS
codes
3313
(
Alumina
&
Aluminum
Production
and
Processing)
and
3315
(
Foundries)
were
projected
at
1.5
%
and
4.2%,
respectively.
However,
value
of
shipments
from
1997­
2001
(
Table
1),
for
more
industry
specific
NAICS
codes,
declined
in
some
case
and
remained
steady
in
others.
More
detailed
industry
information
is
provided
in
the
Tables
below.

Table
1.
Industry
Information*

1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
331315
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
13708
13622
13914
12957
11821
Capital
Expenditures
331
318
326
347
576
Value
of
Exports
2438
2322
2228
2298
2038
Value
of
Imports
1280
1391
1440
1620
1442
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
79
93
103
111
Number
of
Firms
56
66
73
82
%
with
20+
Employees
58.9
53
52.1
48.8
%
with
100+
Employees
44.6
37.9
32.9
29.3
%
with
500+
Employees
33.9
30.3
21.9
18.3
Number
of
Paid
Employees
22976
23521
23384
22016
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
99.2
99.1
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
98
97.3
96.5
96.4
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
94
93.6
89.8
90.6
331316
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
6178
6305
6065
5870
5338
Capital
Expenditures
209
221
195
238
175
10
Value
of
Exports
385
378
338
428
397
Value
of
Imports
317
393
422
529
416
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
207
201
205
214
Number
of
Firms
144
139
140
150
%
with
20+
Employees
70.1
69.1
64.3
59.3
%
with
100+
Employees
48.6
48.2
45.7
42.7
%
with
500+
Employees
27.8
25.9
21.4
20
Number
of
Paid
Employees
31145
31717
32966
29336
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
99.2
99.2
99.1
98.7
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
94
94.3
94.8
94.2
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
76.1
75.3
74.6
71.5
331319
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
1625
1682
1626
1579
1349
Capital
Expenditures
29.5
18.7
31.3
36.5
18.7
Value
of
Exports
353
347
357
346
252
Value
of
Imports
200
194
214
276
210
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
81
86
88
107
Number
of
Firms
63
68
71
90
%
with
20+
Employees
46
41.2
40.8
38.9
%
with
100+
Employees
33.3
30.9
26.8
20
%
with
500+
Employees
17.5
17.6
12.7
10
Number
of
Paid
Employees
5072
4745
4699
4674
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
87.1
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
70.9
65.4
59.9
331521
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
3844
4088
3993
4096
3926
Capital
Expenditures
223
229
216
178
165
Value
of
Exports
Value
of
Imports
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
328
312
301
294
Number
of
Firms
294
278
267
258
%
with
20+
Employees
61.2
61.9
63.7
60.1
%
with
100+
Employees
30.3
31.3
32.6
32.2
11
%
with
500+
Employees
10.9
10.8
11.6
11.2
Number
of
Paid
Employees
29669
28910
30361
28149
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
96.8
96.8
97.4
96.8
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
82.7
82.8
84.5
84.5
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
50.2
48.9
50.8
53
331524
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
3917
4058
4251
4144
3904
Capital
Expenditures
241
225
239
189
169
Value
of
Exports
Value
of
Imports
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
620
619
597
590
Number
of
Firms
584
580
558
549
%
with
20+
Employees
42.6
43.3
44.1
44.4
%
with
100+
Employees
14.2
13.8
14.7
14.6
%
with
500+
Employees
6.5
5.5
5.7
5.5
Number
of
Paid
Employees
34270
33790
34968
32426
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
92.9
93
93.4
93.4
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
71.9
72
73.5
71.6
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
50.2
45.8
48.8
42.1
Source:
U.
S.
Department
of
Commerce,
Bureau
of
the
Census
*
According
to
the
Small
Business
Association,
Secondary
Aluminum
firms
with
less
than
750
employees
are
considered
small
business.

331315:
Aluminum
sheet,
plate,
and
foil
manufacturing
facilities
331316:
Aluminum
extruded
product
manufacturing
facilities
331319:
Other
Aluminum
rolling
and
drawing
facilities
331521:
Aluminum
die
casting
facilities
331524:
Aluminum
foundry
facilities
Table
2.
Rate
of
Change
(%)

1998
1999
2000
2001
Average
331315
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
­
0.63
2.14
­
6.88
­
8.77
­
3.53
12
Capital
Expenditures
­
3.93
2.52
6.44
65.99
17.76
Value
of
Exports
­
4.76
­
4.05
3.14
­
11.31
­
4.24
Value
of
Imports
8.67
3.52
12.50
­
10.99
3.43
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
17.72
10.75
7.77
12.08
Number
of
Firms
17.86
10.61
12.33
13.60
%
with
20+
Employees
­
10.02
­
1.70
­
6.33
­
6.02
%
with
100+
Employees
­
15.02
­
13.19
­
10.94
­
13.05
%
with
500+
Employees
­
10.62
­
27.72
­
16.44
­
18.26
Number
of
Paid
Employees
2.37
­
0.58
­
5.85
­
1.35
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
­
0.10
­
100.00
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
­
0.71
­
0.82
­
0.10
­
0.55
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
­
0.43
­
4.06
0.89
­
1.20
331316
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
2.06
­
3.81
­
3.22
­
9.06
­
3.51
Capital
Expenditures
5.74
­
11.76
22.05
­
26.47
­
2.61
Value
of
Exports
­
1.82
­
10.58
26.63
­
7.24
1.75
Value
of
Imports
23.97
7.38
25.36
­
21.36
8.84
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
­
2.90
1.99
4.39
1.16
Number
of
Firms
­
3.47
0.72
7.14
1.46
%
with
20+
Employees
­
1.43
­
6.95
­
7.78
­
5.38
%
with
100+
Employees
­
0.82
­
5.19
­
6.56
­
4.19
%
with
500+
Employees
­
6.83
­
17.37
­
6.54
­
10.25
Number
of
Paid
Employees
1.84
3.94
­
11.01
­
1.75
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
­
0.10
­
0.40
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
0.32
0.53
­
0.63
0.07
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
­
1.05
­
0.93
­
4.16
­
2.05
331319
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
3.51
­
3.33
­
2.89
­
14.57
­
4.32
Capital
Expenditures
­
36.61
67.38
16.61
­
48.77
­
0.35
Value
of
Exports
­
1.70
2.88
­
3.08
­
27.17
­
7.27
Value
of
Imports
­
3.00
10.31
28.97
­
23.91
3.09
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
6.17
2.33
21.59
10.03
Number
of
Firms
7.94
4.41
26.76
13.04
%
with
20+
Employees
­
10.43
­
0.97
­
4.66
­
5.35
13
%
with
100+
Employees
­
7.21
­
13.27
­
25.37
­
15.28
%
with
500+
Employees
0.57
­
27.84
­
21.26
­
16.18
Number
of
Paid
Employees
­
6.45
­
0.97
­
0.53
­
2.65
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
­
100.00
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
­
7.76
­
8.41
­
8.08
331521
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
6.35
­
2.32
2.58
­
4.15
0.61
Capital
Expenditures
2.69
­
5.68
­
17.59
­
7.30
­
6.97
Value
of
Exports
Value
of
Imports
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
­
4.88
­
3.53
­
2.33
­
3.58
Number
of
Firms
­
5.44
­
3.96
­
3.37
­
4.26
%
with
20+
Employees
1.14
2.91
­
5.65
­
0.53
%
with
100+
Employees
3.30
4.15
­
1.23
2.08
%
with
500+
Employees
­
0.92
7.41
­
3.45
1.01
Number
of
Paid
Employees
­
2.56
5.02
­
7.29
­
1.61
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
0.62
­
0.62
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
0.12
2.05
0.00
0.72
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
­
2.59
3.89
4.33
1.88
331524
Output
(
Millions
$)
Value
of
Shipments
(
1997)
3.60
4.76
­
2.52
­
5.79
0.01
Capital
Expenditures
­
6.64
6.22
­
20.92
­
10.58
­
7.98
Value
of
Exports
Value
of
Imports
Firm
Characteristics
Number
of
Establishments
­
0.16
­
3.55
­
1.17
­
1.63
Number
of
Firms
­
0.68
­
3.79
­
1.61
­
2.03
%
with
20+
Employees
1.64
1.85
0.68
1.39
%
with
100+
Employees
­
2.82
6.52
­
0.68
1.01
%
with
500+
Employees
­
15.38
3.64
­
3.51
­
5.09
Number
of
Paid
Employees
­
1.40
3.49
­
7.27
­
1.73
%
in
20+
Employee
Firms
0.11
0.43
0.00
0.18
%
in
100+
Employee
Firms
0.14
2.08
­
2.59
­
0.12
%
in
500+
Employee
Firms
­
8.76
6.55
­
13.73
­
5.31
14
